Module 8: Diseases of the Liver

Question 1

The liver filters ________ and toxins.

Answer 1

waste

Question 2

CHO metabolism, storage, and synthesis are the major ________________ functions of the liver.

Answer 2

metabolic

Question 3

The liver plays a major role in _____ (CHO) metabolism.

Answer 3

carbohydrate

Question 4

What are the end products of CHO digestion?

Answer 4

monosaccharides, glucose, fructose and galactose

Question 5

If we need _____ , glucose can be metabolized through ___________, Krebs Cycle, and the electron transport chain (ETC) provide energy. These pathways take place in _____________.

Answer 5

ATP, glycolysis, hepatocytes

Question 6

____________ is the universal fuel source for every cell in the body.

Answer 6

Glucose

Question 7

Glycogenesis takes place in the __________.

Answer 7

liver

Question 8

The storage form of glucose is what?

Answer 8

Glycogen

Question 9

Glycogen is stored in ___________ and in ________.

Answer 9

muscle, liver

Question 10

Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of ____________.

Answer 10

glycogen

Question 11

The ________ can break down glycogen to _________ to be released into the blood, to be used by other cells.

Answer 11

liver, glucose

Question 12

T/F: Even though we store glycogen in the liver and the muscle, the muscle lacks an enzyme to release that glucose from stored glycogen into the blood.

Answer 12

T

Question 13

Most gluconeogenesis (90%) takes place in the ___________.

Answer 13

liver

Question 14

T/F: If the liver is severely damaged, the kidneys can kick in and do a bit of gluconeogenesis.

Answer 14

T

Question 15

___________ is the pathways to make new glucose out of other substrates (i.e. lactate, certain amino acids, or intermediated of the Krebs Cycle).

Answer 15

Gluconeogenesis

Question 16

The ____________ is the gatekeeper of CHO metabolism where monosaccharides go to first after they’re absorbed from eating CHO.

Answer 16

liver

Question 17

AAs&raquo_space; hepatic portal vein&raquo_space; liver

This is the pathway of amino acids for _________ (PRO) metabolism.

Answer 17

protein

Question 18

The ___________ is the primary site of amino acid catabolism.

Answer 18

liver

Question 19

The steps of AA breakdown are _____________ and _______________ _________________.

Answer 19

transamination, oxidative deamination

Question 20

Transamination occurs when the ____________ group from the amino acid is transferred to a ____________ acid (usually alpha ketoglutarate).

Answer 20

amino, keto

Question 21

Transamination is catalyzed by ____________ enzymes AKA aminotransferases.

Answer 21

transaminase

Question 22

Most of the transaminase enzymes (aminotransferases) are present in the _____________.

Answer 22

liver

Question 23

Oxidative deamination is the removal of the ___________ ______________.

Answer 23

amino group

Question 24

Oxidative deamination is catalyzed by _____________ enzymes that are also present mainly in the ___________.

Answer 24

oxidase, liver

Question 25

T/F: The carbon skeletons left from AA catabolism could be burned for energy, converted to fat, or converted to non-essential AAs.

Answer 25

T

Question 26

Catabolism of most AAs takes place in the ______________.

Answer 26

liver

Question 27

What BCAAs are predominantly metabolized in muscle rather than liver?

Answer 27

leucine, valine, and isoleucine

Question 28

Synthesis of non-essential AAs occur mainly in the ________.

Answer 28

liver

Question 29

What is the most important vital plasma protein that is synthesized?

Answer 29

albumin

Question 30

T/F: Albumin is the LEAST abundant blood protein.

Answer 30

F (it's the MOST abundant)

Question 31

Albumin is important because it ____________ to several minerals and allows or their transport in the blood. It is also important for ___________ balance in the body.

Answer 31

binds, osmotic

Question 32

If circulating albumin becomes too low, excess _________ may leak from blood into ______________ space.

Answer 32

fluid, interstitial

Question 33

_______ is when there is fluid accumulation in the peritoneum caused by portal _________ + low ____________ levels.

Answer 33

Ascites, HTN, albumin

Question 34

Ascites is often seen in people with what?

Answer 34

liver failure

Question 35

What are the other plasma proteins made in the liver?

Answer 35

transferrin, retinol binding proteins (RBPs), clotting factors (fibrinogen, prothrombin), lipoproteins

Question 36

_____________ transports iron on the blood.

Answer 36

Transferrin

Question 37

Retinol binding proteins (RBPs) transports which vitamin?

Answer 37

vitamin A

Question 38

T/F: Liver disease can lead to defects in blood clotting.

Answer 38

T

Question 39

T/F: Synthesis of bile DOES NOT occur in the liver.

Answer 39

F

Question 40

What components make up bile?

Answer 40

cholesterol + bile salts + the pigment bilirubin

Question 41

Bile is made in the ___________. It then exits through _________ and is then stored in the ________________ until we need it to emulsify fat.

Answer 41

liver, ducts, gallbladder

Question 42

___________ is the yellow staining of the skin and sclera (whites of eyes).

Answer 42

Jaundice

Question 43

Jaundice is caused by abnormally high blood levels of the _______ _____________ ___________.

Answer 43

bile pigment bilirubin

Question 44

Bilirubin is the byproduct of ______ _________ ________ (RBC) breakdown.

Answer 44

red blood cell

Question 45

T/F: Jaundice can indicate liver or gallbladder disease.

Answer 45

T

Question 46

T/F: Triglycerides, phospholipids, bile, and cholesterol are all synthesized in the liver.

Answer 46

T

Question 47

The main site for FA biosynthesis is the _______.

Answer 47

liver

Question 48

FAs can be broken down to __________ by beta oxidation, which can take place in most cell types.

Answer 48

acetyl CoA

Question 49

Acetyl CoA is converted to _________ bodies, if the amount of acetyl CoA from beta oxidation exceeds the capacity of the ___________ ____________ ____________.

Answer 49

ketone, citric acid cycle

Question 50

Where does the synthesis of ketone bodies take place in the body?

Answer 50

the liver

Question 51

The liver is also the site for __________ of some important vitamins. Beta carotene is converted to active ________ or retinol

Answer 51

activation

Question 52

In the liver, Beta carotene is converted to active ________ or retinol

Answer 52

vitamin A

Question 53

T/F: Vitamin D has to undergo two hydroxylations to be activated. Where one takes place in the liver and the other in the kidneys.

Answer 53

T

Question 54

Folate is converted to _________________ in the liver

Answer 54

tetrahydrofolate

Question 55

The liver stores ___________ soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K).

Answer 55

fat

Question 56

The liver also stores vitamin B12 and what minerals?

Answer 56

iron, zinc, copper, and magnesium

Question 57

Detoxification is a critical function of the _____________.

Answer 57

liver

Question 58

This cycle takes place in the liver and it converts toxic ammonia to non-toxic urea that can be filtered by the kidneys, and excreted in the urine.

Answer 58

Urea Cycle

Question 59

The liver metabolizes ____________ hormones.

Answer 59

steroid

Question 60

These tests are blood tests to assess liver damage.

Answer 60

Liver Function Tests (LFTs)

Question 61

The ALT enzyme stands for

Answer 61

alanine aminotransferase

Question 62

The AST enzyme stands for

Answer 62

aspartate aminotransferase

Question 63

The 2 liver enzymes help the body metabolize AAs.

Answer 63

ALT and AST

Question 64

Elevated ALT or AST levels would signal ________ disease.

Answer 64

liver

Question 65

The ALP enzyme stands for

Answer 65

alkaline phosphatase

Question 66

Elevated ALT + AST + ALP signifies what?

Answer 66

liver damage

Question 67

T/F: Elevated levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream may indicate liver damage.

Answer 67

T

Question 68

A PT/INR stands for Prothrombin Time/International Normalized Ratio and is a test that measures how long it takes the blood to _________.

Answer 68

clot

Question 69

T/F: An increased PT/INR means that it's taking the blood longer than normal to clot. Which this could signify liver damage.

Answer 69

T