Module 2: Digestion and Absorption

Question 1

____________ bonds join monosaccharides to form disaccharides and polysaccharides.

Answer 1

Glycosidic

Question 2

___________ bonds join AAs + PROs

Answer 2

Peptide

Question 3

__________ bonds join FAs + glycerol OR triglyceride + fat

Answer 3

Ester

Question 4

________ (salivary amylase) and ______ alpha-amylase are key enzymes for starch/CHO digestion.

Answer 4

Ptyalin, pancreatic

Question 5

T/F: There is little starch digestion in the mouth.

Answer 5

T

Question 6

What are the brush border enzymes for starch/CHO digestion?

They break down disaccharides + oligosaccharides into monosaccharides.

Answer 6

sucrase, isomaltase, maltase, lactase

Question 7

Which enzyme is the MOST important for starch digestion?

Answer 7

pancreatic alpha-amylase

Question 8

The amylase from the pancreas breaks:

the alpha-1, 4 glycosidic bonds + ________

the alpha-______ glycosidic bonds + amylopectin

Answer 8

amylose, 1-6

Question 9

Pancreatic amylase digests starches: ________ and ___________.

Answer 9

amylose, amylopectin

Question 10

The brush border enzymes digest:

• Maltose (and isomaltose) —–> _________
• Sucrose —–> ________ + _________
• Lactose —–> ________ + _________

Answer 10

• glucose
• glucose + fructose
• glucose + galactose

Question 11

The _____ is where we see most of CHO digestion.

Answer 11

SI

Question 12

Monosaccharides are absorbed into the __________ cells that line the intestinal lumen.

Answer 12

epithelial

Question 13

__________ is the milk-curdling enzyme found in the gastric juice of HUMAN INFANTS (before pepsin formation).

Answer 13

Rennin

Question 14

______ cells secrete rennin.

Answer 14

Chief

Question 15

______ cells secrete pepsin as a zymogen.

Answer 15

Chief

Question 16

______ is a proteolytic enzyme in the stomach.

Answer 16

Pepsin

Question 17

Trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase come from the _______.

Answer 17

pancreas

Question 18

Enterokinase is secreted by the _________ mucosa (SI), which is important for __________ digestion.

Answer 18

duodenal, PRO

Question 19

____________ digestion of PROs begin in the stomach, with pepsin.

Answer 19

Chemical

Question 20

MOST PRO digestion occurs in the _____.

Answer 20

SI

Question 21

When chyme —> duodenum, it stimulates the hormone secretion of ___________.

Answer 21

secretin

Question 22

Secretin travels to the pancreas and stimulates the pancreas to release ____________ into the duodenum.

Answer 22

bicarbonate

Question 23

______ is the main stimulus for the release of pancreatic enzymes.

Answer 23

CCK

Question 24

When food —-> SI, then ______ is released into the blood and stimulates the pancreas to secrete ___________ enzymes that enter the pancreatic duct to the duodenum.

Answer 24

CCK, digestive

Question 25

Zymogens are __________ enzymes.

Answer 25

inactive

Question 26

The intestinal enzyme __________ activates trypsinogen into active trypsin.

Answer 26

enterokinase

Question 27

The end products of CHO digestion are absorbed into _________ -----> the hepatic portal vein -----> ________.

Answer 27

capillaries, liver

Question 28

The end products of PRO/AA's digestion are absorbed into ___________ ----> hepatic portal vein ----> __________.

Answer 28

capillaries, liver

Question 29

The _______ is where most fat digestion occurs due to the enzyme __________ lipase.

Answer 29

SI, pancreatic

Question 30

_______ salts are needed to emulsify fat before it can be digested with pancreatic lipase.

Answer 30

Bile

Question 31

Bile is produced in the _______.

Answer 31

liver

Question 32

Bile is stored in the ___________.

Answer 32

gallbladder

Question 33

When food (esp fat) ----> SI (duodenum) then ________ is released. CCK signals the ________ to release _________ enzymes and the gallbladder to release ____________.

Answer 33

CCK, pancreas, digestive, bile

Question 34

_________ are formed from the bile salts, monoglycerides and FFAs.

Answer 34

Micelles

Question 35

Micelles allow end products of _______ digestion to transit the intestinal lumen and reach the intestinal _________, where they are absorbed.

Answer 35

fat, mucosa

Question 36

The end products of fat digestion are absorbed in the ___________ of the SI.

Answer 36

jejunum

Question 37

Bile is recycled and reabsorbed in the ______ of the SI, then returned to the liver.

Answer 37

ileum

Question 38

Micelles deliver __________ and FFAs to the brush border.

Answer 38

monoglycerides

Question 39

At the brush border, FFAs and monoglycerides detach from the ________ and enter the ___________ cells.

Answer 39

micelles, epithelial

Question 40

___________ are lipoproteins that pack together TGs + cholesterol + fat-soluble vits + phospholipids, and _______ them in aqueous environments.

Answer 40

Chylomicrons, transports

Question 41

T/F: Chylomicrons enter capillaries -----> hepatic portal vein -----> liver.

Answer 41

F - they do not

Question 42

Chylomicrons are absorbed into _______ (lymphatic vessels) and enter _________ circulation first.

Answer 42

lacteals, lymphatic

Question 43

End products of CHO and PRO digestion are absorbed into the ________ and went to the ________ first. While end products of FAT digestion are packaged into _________, absorbed into _________ and enter ________ circulation first.

Answer 43

blood, liver chylomicrons, lacteals, lymphatic

Question 44

Vitamin ______ binds to ________ factor and then that complex binds to a receptor in the _______ in the SI to be absorbed.

Answer 44

B12, intrinsic, ileum

Question 45

The fat-soluble vitamins: ____, ______, _____, and ______ are absorbed with fat and carried by ____________ to the intestinal mucosa. They're then packaged into _________ + TGs and enter _______ circulation first.

Answer 45

A, D, E, K, micelles chylomicrons, lymphatic

Question 46

Vitamin _______ enhances calcium absorption. It acts as a transcription factor and upregulates expression of genes that code for calcium transport PROs.

Answer 46

D

Question 47

Consuming too much zinc can result in ________ deficiency.

Answer 47

copper

Question 48

Most minerals bound to transport PROs and are absorbed in the _______.

Answer 48

blood

Question 49

Most nutrients are absorbed in the ________ of the SI.

Answer 49

jejunum

Question 50

T/F: People who had bariatric surgeries that bypass part of the SI, NEED to supplement micronutrients for the rest of their lives.

Answer 50

T

Question 51

T/F: Many minerals compete for absorption.

Answer 51

T

Question 52

T/F: Many drugs compete for absorption.

Answer 52

T