Module 6: Hypertension

Question 1

HTN (hypertension) is persistently high _______ ______ _______.

Answer 1

arterial blood pressure

Question 2

______ or Primary HTN is idiopathic and appears to have a strong genetic component.

Answer 2

Essential

Question 3

________ HTN results from ANOTER condition, often renal or endocrine disease. There’s a direct cause & effect. It may be curable if you first fixe the underlying problem.

Answer 3

Secondary

Question 4

What % of people have essential/primary HTN?

Answer 4

90 - 95%

Question 5

The ________ cycle is the mechanical events of 1 complete heartbeat.

Answer 5

cardiac

Question 6

______ is ventricular contraction and pump blood out.

Answer 6

Systole

Question 7

________ is ventricular relaxation and are filling with blood from the atria.

Answer 7

Diastole

Question 8

_________ ________ is the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heart beat during systole.

Answer 8

Stroke volume

Question 9

______ ________ is measured in beats per minute (bpm).

Answer 9

Heart rate

Question 10

(CO) Cardiac Output is the volume of blood that flows through each ventricle per minute.

What’s the equation for CO?

Answer 10

CO = SV x HR

Question 11

What’s the equation for BP?

Answer 11

BP = CO x peripheral resistance

Question 12

_____ ________ (BP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the _______.

Answer 12

Blood pressure, arteries

Question 13

T/F: Arteries are a lot thicker & stronger than veins.

Answer 13

T

Question 14

Blood pressure is dependent on ______ ______.

Answer 14

cardiac output

Question 15

Peripheral resistance is the _________ the blood encounters as it flows through the ________.

Answer 15

resistance, vessels

Question 16

The ________ nervous system controls ___________ actions of the smooth muscles, the heart, and the glands.

Answer 16

autonomic, involuntary

Question 17

The autonomic nervous system has 2 divisions:

Answer 17

• Sympathetic
• Parasympathetic

Question 18

The ____________ nervous system is AKA “FIGHT OR FLIGHT” where you get a release of epinephrine & norepinephrine that _______ heart rate and BP.

Answer 18

sympathetic, increases

Question 19

The ____________ nervous system is AKA “REST AND DIGEST” where it increases intestinal & glandular secretions, ___________ heart rate and BP through the ______ nerve.

Answer 19

parasympathetic, decreases, vagus

Question 20

_______ ______ syndrome is when someone gets nervous at the doctor’s office and increases their BP.

Answer 20

White coat

Question 21

The _________ and _____________ autonomic nervous systems are key _________ of ______.

Answer 21

sympathetic, parasympathetic, regulators, BP

Question 22

A ______ in BP stimulates the release of ______from the kidneys.

Answer 22

drop, renin

Question 23

Renin acts as an ___________ and converts ____________ to angiotensin 1 which is then converted to its active form angiotensin II by the enzyme ________ ____________ _____________ (ACE).

Answer 23

enzyme, angiotensinogen, angiotensin converting enzyme

Question 24

Angiotensin ______ causes blood vessels to constrict and stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete ________.

Answer 24

II, aldosterone

Question 25

____________ is a hormone that causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and excrete potassium.

Answer 25

Aldosterone

Question 26

_____________ AKA antidiuretic hormone/ADH is a regulator that acts to INCREASE blood _______and _______ . It is secreted by the __________ gland in response to a drop in _____. This causes vasoconstriction & retention of water by the kidneys.

Answer 26

Vasopressin, volume, pressure, pituitary, BP

Question 27

T/F: Obesity decreases peripheral resistance.

Answer 27

F (increases)

Question 28

Nicotine and caffiene can transiently _______ BP.

Answer 28

increase

Question 29

Atherosclerosis increases or decreases peripheral resistance? How will it affect BP?

Answer 29

increases It increases BP

Question 30

_________ HTN can lead to: - Hemorrhagic stroke - An aneurysm - Weakened artery wall - Nephropathy - Retinopathy

Answer 30

Uncontrolled

Question 31

_______ HTN is one of the leading causes of kidney failure.

Answer 31

Chronic

Question 32

What is the WC of men and women for high risk associated with DM2, dyslipidemia, HTN and CVD?

Answer 32

Men: > 40 in (102 cm) Women > 35 in (88cm)

Question 33

What is the recommended Dietary Guidelines for sodium intake?

Answer 33

< 2300 mg/day

Question 34

What is the AHA recommendation for sodium intake?

Answer 34

< 1500 mg/day

Question 35

BE CAREFUL WITH SALT SUBSTITUTES! Salt substitutes + potassium (from potassium sparing meds) could lead to dangerous _____________.

Answer 35

hyperkalemia

Question 36

The DASH diet stands for what?

Answer 36

Dietary Approaches to Stop HTN

Question 37

T/F: The DASH diet is very effective for preventing & treating HTN.

Answer 37

T

Question 38

The DASH diet limits ______ intake but relies on increased minerals and fiber and low fat through veggies, fruits, whole grains, low fat dairy, legumes, nuts, and seeds.

Answer 38

sodium

Question 39

The DASH diet is rich in what 3 specific minerals?

Answer 39

potassium, calcium, and magnesium

Question 40

T/F: Natural licorice is naturally hypertensive & should be avoided.

Answer 40

T

Question 41

The ___________________ enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the kidneys from retaining _______ and ________ by deactivating the ACE enzyme. This _________ BP.

Answer 41

angiotensin-converting enzyme, sodium, water, decreases/lowers

Question 42

ACE inhibitors and ARBs medications causes people to retain ____________ because aldosterone is blocked. This is why you want to avoid _____________ salt substitutes.

Answer 42

potassium, KCl

Question 43

_____________ ____ ____________ (ARBs) agonists blocks the action of angiotensin II at the receptor.

Answer 43

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers

Question 44

_______ and _____________ diuretics cause the kidneys to excrete __________ along with sodium and water. So individuals may need MORE potassium, so KCl salt substitutes are OK.

Answer 44

Loop, thiazide

Question 45

_________________ diuretics makes people hold on to more potassium. So KCl salt substitutes must be avoided.

Answer 45

Potassium-sparring

Question 46

______________ are anti-hypertensive meds that block beta androgenic receptors.

Answer 46

Beta-Blockers

Question 47

________________ blockers slow the movement of calcium into the smooth muscle cells of the heart. This __________ BP and dilates blood vessels. On these meds, you want to avoid ___________.

Answer 47

Ca2+ - channel, lowers, grapefruit