Module 6: CVD - Pathophysiology Flashcards by Lyssa Redoble

T/F: CVD is the leading cause of death for men and women in the U.S.

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Most CVD deaths result from _____________ __________ AKA heart attack.

myocardial infarction

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Highest prevalence of heart attacks are seen in what race/ethnicity and gender?

African American men

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CVD includes what interrelated disorders?

hypertension (HTN), coronary heart disease (CHD), atherosclerosis, cerebrovascular accident (CVA), heart failure, congenital heart disease, rheumatic heart disease

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Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is AKA what?

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) or Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)

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Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) is also referred to as what?

a stroke

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Congenital means….

a person is born with it

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Rheumatic Heart Disease is a _______ ________ damage that occurs after an episode of ___________ fever.

heart valve, rheumatic

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T/F: Dietary cholesterol highly impacts blood cholesterol.

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____________ fat affects cholesterol the most.

Saturated

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What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?

To move blood around the body.

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The heart is divided into 2 halves, which each half divided into 2 chambers:

Atrium (left & right)
ventricle (left & right)

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_____________ pump blood out.

Ventricles

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__________ receive blood back.

Atria

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Blood is pumped from the RIGHT VENTRICLE to the lungs, and then it comes back to the LEFT ATRIUM.

This is what?

pulmonary circulation

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Blood is pumped from the LEFT VENTRICLE to all the tissues of the body except the lungs, then it comes back to the RIGHT ATRIUM.

This is what?

systemic circulation

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What vessels carry blood AWAY from the heart?

arteries

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What vessels carry blood TO the heart?

veins

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_____________ blood leaves the left ventricle and passes through ______________ circulation to deliver oxygen to all of our cells.

Oxygenated, systemic

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_____________ blood is returned by _____________ circulation to the right atrium.

It passes to the ______ ventricle and then pumped through the lungs, where it gets rid of CO2 and picks up oxygen.

The oxygenated blood comes back from the ________ to the _______ atrium, passes to the left ventricle and is pumped out again to all the body’s tissues.

Deoxygenated, venous

right

lungs, left

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Blood flow through the circuits depend on ________ _________.

blood pressure

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_____________ is the progressive narrowing of the arterial tree. (Can affect any _________ in the body, including the ones in the heart, brain, arms, legs, and pelvis.) This can DECREASE blood flow.

Atherosclerosis, artery

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___________ (AKA atheromas) build inside coronary ____________. This results from endothelial injury (i.e. high blood cholesterol, hyperglycemia, DM, HTN, obesity, high homocysteine, diet high in saturated fat).

Plaques, arteries

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Atherosclerosis Stages:
1. __________ Streak
2. Fibrous ___________
3. ___________ plaques/occlusion

Fatty, plaques, advanced

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T/F: Small densed HDL are easily oxidized.

F (small densed LDL are easily oxidized)

Oxidized LDL sticks to the endothelial lining of the ___________ and it accumulates.

arteries

In the 2st stage - _________ _____________ of atherosclerosis, white blood cells (WBCs) AKA ____________ are attracted to the sites of the fatty streak. They engulf the fatty material and form ____________ cells.

fatty streak, monocytes, foam

In the 2nd stage - ________ _________ , smooth ________ cells at the site proliferate and ____________ tissue forms, then the fatty streak turn into intermediate lesions and fibrous plaques.

fibrous plaques, muscle, connective

In the 3rd stage - advanced plaques/___________, the fibrous plaques harden and ________ causing _________ tissue to form.

occlusion, calcify, scar

In atherosclerosis, the blood flow in the arteries is very ___________. This could cause platelets to rupture and form a __________.

turbulent, clot

A clot in a coronary artery can cause a what?

A heart attack (myocardial infarction - MI)

A clot in an artery leading to the brain can cause what?

A stroke (ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack)

___________ is insufficient blood supply or oxygen delivery to some part of the body.

Ischemia

_____________ stroke is caused by a blood clot occluding an artery that supplies the brain.

Ischemic

~ _______% of strokes are ischemic strokes.

_______ ____________ __________ AKA "mini stroke"

Transient ischemic stroke (TIA)

__________ stroke occurs when a blood vessel to the brain ruptures.

Hemorrhagic

Hemorrhagic stroke is commonly cause by uncontrolled _______.

HTN (hypertension)

A person might have had a _______ if they had a brief episode of sx that are similar to a stroke, but the decrease in blood supply to the brain is just temporary.

TIA

A TIA usually lasts less than _____ mins.

What is a thrombus?

A blood clot

_______ is a clot that dislodges and travels to another part of the body.

Embolism

A _________ would cause ischemia.

thrombus/blood clot

Angina pectoris is chest __________ or _________. It's caused by reduced _______ _______ to the heart.

pain, pressure, blood flow

Cardiac ____________ is an abnormal heart rate or rhythm.

arrhythmia

_________ is an abnormally slow heart rate of < ________ bpm.

Bradycardia, 60

___________ is an abnormally rapid heart rate of > ______ bpm.

Tachycardia, 100

Bradycardia could signal inadequate ___________ in nonathletes.

circulation

Prolonged tachycardia could signal problems with the ___________ activity of the heart.

electrical

_________ _____________ (Afib) and ____________ ____________ (Vfib) are the rapid, uncoordinated contractions of the heart (atria or ventricles).

Atrial fibrillation, ventricular fibrillation

Afib or Vfib may lease to cardiac ___________.

arrest

Which is more serious, Afib or Vfib?

Vfib

__________ ___________ (MI) AKA "heart attack".

Myocardial infarction

The standard fasting ___________ profile is the best/standard CVD assessment for assessing atherosclerosis risk.

lipoprotein

The standard fasting lipoprotein profile is a fasted blood draw for what 4 lipid particles?

- Total cholesterol - LDL (LDL-C = TC - HDL - TG/5) - HDL - TG

T/F: Dyslipidemia and Hyperlipidemia decrease risk for CVD.

F (increase risk)

____________ ____________ are molecules consisting of both lipid and protein portions.

Lipoprotein Particles

Apolipoproteins are the protein portions of ____________ particles.

lipoprotein

Lipoproteins are classified according to their __________.

density

Chylomicrons are synthesized in the enterocytes of the what?

small intestine (SI)

Chylomicrons carry dietary _______ to all of our cells.

fat

T/F: Chylomicrons have a very very low density lipoprotein because they're mainly composed of triglycerides (~ 90% or more).

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyzes the triglyceride and chylomicrons so the __________ _________ ________ (FFAs) can enter the cells.

free fatty acids

_____________ ___________ are the residues of chylomicrons after they've unloaded their lipids to the cells.

Chylomicron remnants

Chylomicron remnants are taken up by the __________.

liver

Cholesterol and triglyceride we make/synthesize in the liver, is packaged into a _____________ particle called _______ ______ ___________ ________ (VLDLs).

lipoprotein, very low density lipoproteins

________ carry the TG to the cells and LPL will hydrolyze the TG and allow the cells to take up the FFAs. They are then converted to ______ ______ ______________ (LDL).

VLDLs, low density lipoprotein

VLDL and LDL are synthesized in the _________.

liver

VLDL are converted to LDL when they're mainly __________.

cholesterol

LDL AKA ________ ____________.

bad cholesterol

High levels of _________ are associated with atherosclerosis.

LDL

LDL becomes oxidized and creates _______ streaks and _________ walls.

fatty, artery

HDL is ________ density lipoprotein

high

HDL is synthesized in the _________ and __________ ___________.

liver, small intestine

HDL acts to remove _________ cholesterol and return it to the ______, where it can be reprocessed and extricated into bile salts.

LDL, liver

HDL AKA the ________ cholesterol.

good

T/F: High levels of HDL are associated with reduced risk of heart disease.

T/F: HDL is the most dense of the lipoproteins because it has the most protein.

DESIRABLE value for Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) is what?

< 200

BORDERLINE HIGH value for Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) is what?

200 - 239

HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA value for Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) is what?

Equal to or > 240

LDL of < 100 mg/dL is considered what?

Optimal

LDL of 100 - 129 mg/dL is considered what?

Near/above optimal

LDL of 130 - 159 mg/dL is considered what?

Borderline high risk

LDL of 160 - 189 mg/dL is considered what?

High risk

LDL of equal to or > 190 mg/dL is considered what?

Very high

What level (mg/dL) of HDL is considered protective?

Equal to or > 60 mg/dL

What level (mg/dL) of HDL is considered a risk factor?

Women: Equal to or < 40 mg/dL Men: Equal to or < 50 mg/dL

T/F: Estrogen increases HDL cholesterol.

T/F: Moderate or high consumption of alcohol increases HDL cholesterol.

F (moderate or low)

TG < 150 mg/dL is considered what?

Normal

TG 150 - 199 mg/dL is considered what?

Borderline high

TG 200 - 499 mg/dL is considered what?

High

TG equal to or > 500 mg/dL is considered what? It's also associated with increased risk of pancreatitis

Very high

Diets high in refined CHO will increase _____________ levels.

triglycerides

Excessive alcohol intake increases ____________ levels.

triglyceride

Apo-A1 is the primary ____________________ in HDL; reflect antiatherogenic (HDL) particles.

apolipoprotein

Apo-B is the primary ____________________ in LDL; indicated the number of potentially atherogenic LDL particles.

lipoprotein

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of ________________.

inflammation

High serum CRP is associated with _____________ risk of MI and ___________.

increased, stroke

CRP of < 1.0 mg/L is the _______ risk for CVD.

lowest

CRP of > 3.0 mg/dL is the ____________ risk.

highest