Module 8: Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

storage and retrieval of information

Question 2

Search metaphor

Answer 2

A way of describing processes involved in memory using terms and phrases that relate them to around in physical or virtual space

Question 3

Failure of search

Answer 3

The way that an inability to remember something is often described

Question 4

Reconstruction metaphor

Answer 4

describes how we primarily use memory to formulate a useful response using both what we known and the surrounding situation

Question 5

Encoding

Answer 5

The process of how information is initially learned

Question 6

Encoding problem

Answer 6

The problem the brain must solve to transform an experience into a memory

Question 7

storage

Answer 7

The process of maintaining information about an event over time weather short or long

Question 8

Storage problem

Answer 8

The problem the brain must solve to maintain information in the brain over time short or long

Question 9

Sensory memory

Answer 9

The system that keeps information translated by the senses briefly in unaltered form, allowing us to perceive the world as whole rather than staggered

Question 10

iconic memory

Answer 10

fleeting after images in visual system

Question 11

echoic memory

Answer 11

echoes that last a few seconds after auditory signals… sometimes allowing you to recall end of conversation you were not paying attention too

Question 12

immediate memory

Answer 12

A system that actively holds on to a limited amount of information so that it can be manipulated and processed

Question 13

3 properties of immediate memory

Answer 13

representation, duration, and capacity

Question 14

representation

Answer 14

The kind of information a memory system contains. often this described in terms of how the information is represented of coded

Question 15

inner voice

Answer 15

The mental experience of hearing yourself talk in your head - evidence for verbal representation in immediate memory

Question 16

inner eye

Answer 16

The mental experience of seeing something using your imagination - evidence for visual representation in immediate memory

Question 17

Rehearsal

Answer 17

The process of repeating information to yourself, helping you rehear the information over again

Question 17

Duration

Answer 17

How long a memory system can contain information before its forgotten, duration is indefinite with rehearsal but without rehearsal is only three seconds or so

Question 17

Capacity

Answer 17

How much information can be held in a memory system at any one time, capacity is consider to whatever you can rehearse in around 2 seconds

Question 18

Range of information a person can hold in mind at any given time

Answer 18

7 plus/minus 2 (5-9)

Question 18

memory span

Answer 18

The number of items that can be kept active in immediate memory at one time

Question 19

Chunking

Answer 19

process of arranging information into compact meaningful chunks so that they can be more easily rehearsed in immediate memory

Question 20

Working memory model

Answer 20

A model of immediate memory that emphasizes its role as a system for manipulating information in consciousness

Question 21

phonological loop

Answer 21

A system within the working memory model that temporarily stores and manipulates auditory and verbal information

Question 22

visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 22

A system within the working memory model where visual and spatial information is stored and manipulated

Question 23

Central Executive

Answer 23

Hypothetical portion of the working memory that directs the activities of working memory and flow of information between working and long term memory

Question 24

Long term memory

Answer 24

Memory system used to store and recall information over extended periods of time (indefinite split into subsections)

Question 25

episodic memories

Answer 25

Memories whose contents pertain to specific event's

Question 26

Semantic memories

Answer 26

Memories whose contents relate to specific facts and pieces of meaningful information not based on personal experience

Question 27

procedural memory

Answer 27

Memories whose contents pertain to how something is done, such as motor skill involved in walking and riding bike

Question 28

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 28

Process of actively manipulating information in immediate memory to meaningfully connect it to other information already stored in LTM

Question 29

Deep processing

Answer 29

encoding new information through making meaningful connections to existing knowledge

Question 30

Shallow processing

Answer 30

Encoding information based only on its surface characteristics

Question 31

massed practice

Answer 31

Massed practice is the term for repeated exposure to or study of to be remembered information over very short time without gaps between repetitions

Question 32

spacing effects

Answer 32

observation that learning is most robust when repeated exposure information study material occurs over longer timeframe

Question 33

mnemonics

Answer 33

Techniques used to improve memory that provide framework for encoding and recall

Question 34

adaptive memory

Answer 34

A subfield of memory research focused on investigating how the brain is designed to learn and remember given evolutionary considerations

Question 35

retrieval practice

Answer 35

The phenomenon that the repeated retrieval of information is more useful for long term memory than other tasks such as the repeated reading of the same information

Question 36

retrieval problem

Answer 36

The problem the brain must solve to recover information from long term memory

Question 37

cues

Answer 37

Information that help us remember events from the past

Question 38

free recall

Answer 38

remembering previously learned info without any other context to aid in remembering

Question 39

cued recall

Answer 39

remembering previously learned info with the aid of clue or information that helps provide context

Question 40

encoding specificity principle

Answer 40

idea that retrieval cues are only useful as long as they match the original context of how the to be remembered information was originally learned

Question 41

transfer appropriate processing

Answer 41

observation that engaging in similar processes at both encoding and retrieval tends to enhance recall

Question 42

explicit memory

Answer 42

remembering that occurs consciously and with intent

Question 43

implicit memory

Answer 43

remembering that occurs without conscious realization or intent

Question 44

errors of omission

Answer 44

memory errors where info cannot be brough to mind

Question 45

errors of commission

Answer 45

memory errors where wrong or unwanted info is brough to mind

Question 46

transience

Answer 46

describes how memory for any particular event tends to degrade over time some say caused by lack of cues

Question 47

decay

Answer 47

theory that memories fade away due to passage of time alone

Question 48

retroactive interference

Answer 48

inability to retrieve older info due to influence of newer similar info

Question 49

proactive interference

Answer 49

inability to retrieve newer info de to influence of older similar info

Question 50

absent mindedness

Answer 50

a description of how memories sometimes are simply unavailable because of failure to encode them

Question 51

blocking

Answer 51

a description for how in some cases not enough distinctive cues are available to help us recover a specific memory

Question 52

example of absent mindedness

Answer 52

not paying attention to putting keys down and forgetting where you placed them

Question 53

Tip of tongue state (TOT)

Answer 53

state when people cannot remember a piece of info but have powerful feeling they know what is tying to be remembered

Question 54

deja vu

Answer 54

description of a feeling that one has already experienced something

Question 55

flashbulb memories

Answer 55

memories for the details surrounding events that are both surprising and particularly significant

Question 56

suggestibility

Answer 56

description for how memories can sometimes be altered by context in which they are remembered to better fit the current context

Question 57

misinformation effect

Answer 57

a phenomenon in which misleading information alters subsequent memory

Question 58

bias

Answer 58

a description of how memories can change as a result of the influence of knowledge and beliefs

Question 59

schemas

Answer 59

a highly organized knowledge structure that contains many pieces of specific information

Question 60

persistence

Answer 60

occasional reoccurrence of unwanted memories examples include PTSD triggers result in unwanted memories etc

Question 61

hyperthymesia

Answer 61

an exceptionally rare medical condition that leads to near perfect autobiographical recall

Question 62

amnesia

Answer 62

memory loss due to physical damage or problems in brain

Question 63

retrograde amnesia

Answer 63

loss of memories prior to specific traumatic event such as blow to the had or certain other conditions

Question 64

anterograde amnesia

Answer 64

inability to make new memories

Question 65

short term memory

Answer 65

Short term memory to humans is what RAM is to a computer allows us to live moment to moment

Question 66

Memory consolidation

Answer 66

Defined as a time-dependent process by which recent learned experiences are transformed into long-term memory