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BMSC 210 > Module 9 > Flashcards

Module 9 Flashcards

Immunology

1
Q

Immunology

A

study of the immune system and immunity

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2
Q

immunity

A

ability of an organism to resist infection

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3
Q

innate immunity

A

fast and non specific

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4
Q

adaptive immunity

A

specific and memory based

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5
Q

what is innate immune system comprised of? (6)

A

barriers
chemicals
phagocytes
fever
inflammation
complement system

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6
Q

physical barriers prevent infection in 2 ways:

A

deny entry (skin, mucous membrane, endothelial cells)
mechanical defences to remove potential threats (shedding skin, mucociliary sweeping, peristalsis, flushing)

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7
Q

chemical barriers (4)

A

body fluids(pH regulation, nutrient availability, enzymes)
antimicrobial components
cytokines
mediators of infection

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8
Q

Complement system

A

boosts innate immunity and adaptive immunity with plasma proteins

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9
Q

cytokines

A

molecular messengers that bind to receptors starting a signalling cascade

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10
Q

chemokines

A

subclass of cytokines
recruit cycling immune cells to injury site

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11
Q

interferons

A

subclass of cytokines
activate antiviral response without having any antiviral properties

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12
Q

blood and lymphatic system

A

circulate and distribute immune cells

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13
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A

connect lymph system
lymph nodes
mucosa
spleen

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14
Q

Erythrocytes

A

RBC

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15
Q

Leukocytes

A

WBC

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16
Q

monocytes

A

immature and undifferentiated
come from myleoblast cells

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17
Q

granulocytes

A

can be stained
are toxins and enzymes which destroy their targets

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18
Q

Dedric cells

A

antigen presenting cells residing in skin and mucous membrane
come from monocytes

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19
Q

macrophages

A

antigen presenting cells residing in tissues and organs
come from monocytes

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20
Q

neutrophils

A

eliminate/destroy extracellular bacteria
come from myleoblast cells

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21
Q

eosinophils

A

protect against protozoa and helminths
come from myleoblast cells

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22
Q

basophils

A

role in inflammation and allergic reactions, found in blood
come from myleoblast cells

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23
Q

mast cells

A

role in inflammation and allergic reactions, found in tissue
comes from myeloid stem cells

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24
Q

natural killer cells

A

kill virus infected and cancerous cells
come from lymphoid stem cells

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25
Q

tissue damage activates _______

A

phagocytes (macrophages)

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26
Q

what happens when phagocytes (macrophages) are activated

A

cytokines and chemokines released
neutrophils and T cells released

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27
Q

how do neutrophils enter injury site

A

stick to capillary wall
rolling and squeezing through cellular junction

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28
Q

how does innate immunity work

A

PRR (receptor) recognizing PAMS (substrate) then using signal transduction and phagocytosis

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29
Q

how is uptake of extracellular pathogens done

A

phagosome holds pathogen
fuses with lysosomes containing digestive enzymes
creates phagolysome
undigested waste is released from cell.

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30
Q

acute inflammation

A

normal response to promote healing
production of activators
influx of phagocytes

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31
Q

fever

A

non localized inflammatory response
induced by cytokines, LPS
acts on prostaglandins
limits pathogen growth

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32
Q

components of adaptive immunity 2

A

humoral
cell mediated

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33
Q

antigen

A

part of a pathogen that the antibody can bind to

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34
Q

immunogen

A

antigen capable of inducing immune response
all immunogens are antigens, not all antigens are immunogens

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35
Q

hapten

A

binds to carrier molecule to form a complete antigen

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36
Q

what does immunogenicity depend on

A

complexity, physical/structural form, dose

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37
Q

epitope

A

specific regions on antigen that antibodies can recognize

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38
Q

FAB region

A

V part of the antibody
fragment of antigen binding
variable to account for diversity and specificity
provides function of antibody

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39
Q

Fc region

A

fragment of crystallization
I part of antibody
binds to complement and phagocytes

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40
Q

IgA (function, property, distribution (3))

A

neutralization
major secretory antibody
dimer in secretion, monomer in blood

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41
Q

IgD (function, property, distribution (3))

A

b cell receptor
activate B cells
B cells

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42
Q

IgE (function, property, distribution (3))

A

Fc binds to and activates mast cells and basophils
parasite immunity
blood and lymph

43
Q

IgG (function, property, distribution (3))

A

opsonization. neutralization, agglutination, immune activation, cell mediated cytotoxicity
circulatory antibodies, can cross placenta
blood, lymph, extracellular fluid

44
Q

IgM (function, property, distribution (3))

A

Neutralization, agglutination, complement activity
first to appear
blood and lymph

45
Q

MHC1

A

found on all nucleated cells
present in self and non self antigens

46
Q

MHC2

A

found on macrophages, Dedric cells, B cells
present non self antigens

47
Q

APC

A

antigen presenting cells
process the pathogen then express the antigen

48
Q

MHC3

A

presents B cells vs phagocytes where antigen processing occurs in the phagolysome

49
Q

where does t cell selection occur
what happens if it does occur

A

thymus
failure leads to autoimmunity

50
Q

positive T cell selection

A

TCR with weak interaction divide and grow

51
Q

negative t cell selection

A

TCR with strong interaction die

52
Q

Th1

A

increase cytotoxic t cells, neutrophile, natural killer, and macrophages
cell mediated immunity

53
Q

Th2

A

activation of B cells
antibody mediated immunity

54
Q

Th17

A

increase and recruit neutrophils
amplify innate immunity

55
Q

memory T cells

A

MHC1
remember pathogens
strong response on secondary infection

56
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

MCH2
tolerance and prevention of autoimmune response
control Th immunity

57
Q

Cytotoxic t cells

A

MHC1
destroy cells with intracellular pathogens
cell mediated immunity

58
Q

what activated helper t cells MHC11

A

APCs

59
Q

divisions of cytotoxic t cells

A

effector (kill)
memory

60
Q

how many antigens can B cell receptors recognize

A

1

61
Q

where does b cell selection ocurr

A

bone marrow

62
Q

positive b cell selection

A

working receptor

63
Q

negative b cell selection

A

eliminate strong interaction with self

64
Q

acquired immune system is characterized by (4)

A

2 branches (humoral and cell mediated)
created immunity
discriminates danger and non danger
recognizes type of danger

65
Q

vaccination leverages _________ immunity

A

adaptive

66
Q

person for modern approach to vaccination

A

Edward jenner

67
Q

live attenuated vaccines

A

non pathogenic viable microbes
mimic real infection
not safe for immunocompromised
risk of reversion

68
Q

whole inactivated vaccines

A

pathogen is dead
no risk of infection
weaker immunity (need higher dose and boosters)

69
Q

subunit vaccines

A

immunogenic pieces of microbes
limited side effects
limited longevity (need boosters)

70
Q

subunit toxoid vaccine

A

inactive toxin, does not prevent infection but limits effects of toxins

71
Q

subunit conjugated vaccine

A

low immunogenic antigen
effective in young
costly
vaccine interactions

72
Q

subunit viral like particles vaccine

A

proteins assemble as capsid to mimic virus
complicated
low immunogenicity

73
Q

viral vector vaccine

A

virus expressed antigen
mimics natural infection
risk of genomic integration

74
Q

RNA vaccine

A

RNA strand to translate
highly adaptible
strong cell mediated immunity, weak humoral

75
Q

DNA vaccine

A

DNA strand to transcribe
highly adaptible
risk of genomic integration

76
Q

why are boosters required

A

secondary infections produce more effective antibodies that bind with higher affinity
levels remain high longer

77
Q

factos affecting vaccine efficacy (8)

A

intrinsic host
perinatal host
extrinsic
behavioural
nutritional
environmental
vaccine
administration

78
Q

herd immunity depends on

A

vaccine: purpose, efficacy, mode of transmission, R value

79
Q

R value

A

number of people that can be infected from a single case
higher is more spreadable

80
Q

hypersensitivity

A

overactive and harmful response to foreign antigens

81
Q

immunodeficiency

A

failure to mount adequate immune response in presence of danger

82
Q

autoimmunity

A

harmful response to self antigens

83
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity

A

IgE and mast cells, allergen specific
stage 1: contact with allergen triggers B cells
stage 2: contact with allergen resensitized mast cells where the degranulate producing pro inflammatory chemicals

84
Q

Type 2 hypersensitivity

A

IgG or IgM
complement and cell lysis

85
Q

Type 3 hypersensitivity

A

IgG or IgM
inflammatory mediums

86
Q

Type 4 hypersensitivity

A

T cells
increased macrophages and cytotoxic t cells
delayed reaction

87
Q

localized anaphylaxis

A

reaction at site of entry

88
Q

generalized anaphylaxis

A

reaction in whole body
massive release of histamine
anaphylactic shock

89
Q

how to treat mild anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock

A

mild: anti histamines, steroids, brochodialators, drugs reversing mast cell damage
shock: epinepherine

90
Q

which groups are most immunodeficient

A

elderly (decreased t and b cell production)
kids (immune system not fully developed)

91
Q

primary deficiencies

A

inherited and congenital

92
Q

secondary deficiencies

A

acquired due to exposure in life

93
Q

Monocolonal antibodies

A

recognize a single epitope

94
Q

polycolonoal antibodies

A

recognize multiple epitopes

95
Q

Neutralization

A

when artigen bind to virus blocking viral entry into target cell preventing plaque formation

95
Q

preciptin ring test

A

measure of biological activity

96
Q

mechanisms of antibody-antigen assay

A

precipitation
flocculation
neutralization
complement action

97
Q

hemiaggulgination

A

blood typing and cross match

98
Q

western blot

A

protein

99
Q

enzyme immunoassay (EIA)

A

antigen binds to surface, antibody-enzyme complex attached to antigen creating a colour change

100
Q

Direct ELISA

A

antibody binds to wall
blocking agent added
sample is added and washed (only bind if antigen is present)
substrate is added to detect is antigen stayed

101
Q

indirect ELISA

A

antigen must be bound to wall before direct steps can take place

102
Q

immunoblots

A

identify specific proteins transferred to an absorbent membrane

103
Q

immunostaining

A

stains specific molecules on/in cells

BMSC 210 (10 decks)

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