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BMSC 210 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

From Genome to Protein

1
Q

Beadle and Tatum

A

theorized one gene one polypeptide

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2
Q

when was DNA discovered?
identified as the molecule of inheritance?

A

1800s
1950S

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3
Q

what was the Avery, Macleod, McCarty experiment

A

when DNA has been degraded, cells do not develop

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4
Q

hershey chase experiment

A

2 phages identified with 2 different markers
(1 on protein coat 1 on dna)
when phages infect bacteria only the dna marker is passed on

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5
Q

______ is responsible for heredity

A

pellet
35S

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6
Q

characteristics of DNA

A

Deoxynucleotide 5’ triphosphare
free hydroxyl group
links 5’-3’
double helix structure running antiparallel (complementary)
can be denatured

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7
Q

does DNA itself have structural organization?
explain

A

no
dna is organized into chromosomes

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8
Q

how do chromosomes pack in bacteria, eukarya, and archaea

A

bacteria: supercoiled by topoisomerase
Eukaryotes: histone proteins
archaea: supercoiled and histone proteins

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9
Q

extrachromosomal DNA

A

codes for non essential functions (toxic pathogens)
packed into mitochondrion and chloroplasts

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10
Q

DNA replication process is

A

semiconservative

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11
Q

location of origin bacteria/euk

A

one in bact
multiple in euk

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12
Q

consequence of bidirectional replication

A

creating leading/lagging strands, okazaki fragments, discontinuous fragments, and need for 2 DNA polymerases to attach to the replisome

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13
Q

DNA Poly 1

A

removes RNA primer, replaces with newly synthesized DNA

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14
Q

DNA poly 3

A

main enzyme that adds nucleotides in the 5’-3’ direction

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15
Q

helicase

A

opens helix by breaking H bonds

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16
Q

Ligase

A

seals gaps in okazaki fragments

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17
Q

primase

A

synthesizes RNA primers to start replication

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18
Q

SSBP

A

bind to single strand DNA to prevent H bonds with itself

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19
Q

Sliding clamp

A

holds DNA poly 3 as nucleotides are added

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20
Q

Topoisomerase 2

A

relaxes supercoiled chromosomes

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21
Q

Topoisomerase 4

A

breaks chromosomes and releases from eachother then reseals DNA

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22
Q

transcription start and direction

A

5’-3’ direction with no primer needed (RNA polymerase instead)

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23
Q

result of transcription

A

RNA which is antiparallel and complementary to the original DNA template strand

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24
Q

promoter regions

A

specific regions in DNA sequence that promote/initiate transcription

25
sigma factors
in promoter regions bacteria have more than one to regulate transcription and respond to environmental changes
26
non template strand =
coding strand
27
stem loop
inverted loop where RNA poly pauses and stops
28
Rho dependent
termination site where Rho causes RNA to release
29
wobble positions
codons that code for the same AA
30
how is ribosomal RNA measured prok and euk
coefficient of sedimentation prok 70S euk 80S
31
relation between tRNA and DNA sequence
will be exactly the same with U intead of T on the RNA
32
A site
acceptor
33
P site
peptide, building as reading the condons
34
E site
exit, let go of read condons
35
how is translation initiated
by the start condon
36
ribosomes pro and euk
pro: 70S (30S+50S) euk: 80S (40S+60S)
37
Amino acid carried by initiator tRNA pro and euk
pro: fMET euk: MET
38
Shine Dalgarno pro and euk
Pro: present Euk: absent
39
is transcription and translation simultaneous in pro and euk
pro: yes euk: no
40
how is transcription regulated
genetic regulation by control of mRNA production
41
how is RNA production regualted
control mRNA stability and translation
42
how is protein production regulated
by controlling protein activity
43
chaperones
energy dependent process undergoing folding and refolding to add cofactors and help secretion
44
how to stop transcription
regulators bind to promoter or operator region
45
processes of genetic regulation and why
genes with essential functions are expressed first genes are only expressed in needed conditions done to control amount of protein produced
46
transcription factor activators
turn on expression recruit RNA polymerases/sigma factors
47
how to repress transcription factors
bind to promoter regions turn off expression block polymerase/sigma factor binding
48
Activator CAP
does not bind to promoter until it is coupled with cAMP to form the cAMP-CAP complex cAMP is the inducer
49
substrate repressor
repressor wont bind to block until it is coupled with a substrate (trp)
50
de repression enzymes
sit blocking RNA poly until substrate binds in which is removed itself
51
how to increase production of a protein at a specific molecular signal
design an activator to target that signal region
52
operon
1 promoter followed by many genes
53
regulon
1 regulator (ie activator) with many promoter regions
54
regulatory RNA
RNA that is not translated (sRNA) 40-400 nucleotides from non template DNA stand
55
mechanisms of sRNA activity
affect mRNA stability by protecting or targeting RNA degradation block RBS to block translation change secondary structure (a/B)
56
change protein activity without affecting amount of mRNA or protein produced(3)
feedback inhibition, post translation modification, protein sequestration
57
regulation of protein activity
inhibit feedback inhibition change enzymatic activity (post translation modification) remove the protein (sequestration= another bind to block, degradation=destroy to prevent pathway)
58
how do 2 component regulatory systems work
sensor kinase and a response regulator feedback loop is regulated by activating/inactivating with a phosphate
59

BMSC 210 (10 decks)

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