Module One, Lecture Five

Question 1

How do Bones Grow in Length? ( 4 )

Answer 1

1. Enabled by epiphyseal plates ( growth plates ) cartilage cells divide and grow, pushing older cells towards the centre of the bone
2. As the cartilage cells mature, they undergo calcification
3. Osteoblasts move into the calcified cartilage and begin to replace it with bone tissue, solidifying the new bone and lengthening the structure
4. This process continues until the epiphyseal plates completely ossify ( turn into bone ) in early adulthood signalling the end of longitudinal growth

Question 2

How do Bones Grow in Width? ( 3 )

Answer 2

1. Osteoclasts break down old bone tissue lining the medullary cavity ( hallow space inside the bone )
2. Osteoblasts deposit new bone tissue on the outer surface of the bone under the periosteum ( membrane covering the bone )
3. New bone is deposited on the outer surface, old bone is resorbed on the inner surface

Question 3

What are three Joint Classifications? ( 3 )

Answer 3

1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial

Question 4

What are some functions of a Joint? ( 4 )

Answer 4

1. Movement
   2 Stability
2. Protection
3. Weight-Bearing

Question 5

What are two Key Soft Tissues? ( 2 )

Answer 5

1. Cartilage
2. DFCT

Question 6

What is Cartilage?

Answer 6

Strong, flexible, and resilient connective tissue that acts as a cushion between bones and provides structural support to various parts of the body

Question 7

What are two examples of Cartilage? ( 2 )

Answer 7

1. Hyaline ( articular )
2. Fibrocartilage

Question 8

Describe the structure and functions of Hyaline Cartilage… ( 3 )

Answer 8

1. Most common type of cartilage
2. Smooth, glassy appearance
3. Contributes to smooth movement, flexibility and support

Question 9

Describe the structure and function of Fibrocartilage… ( 3 )

Answer 9

1. Strong, tough mixture of cartilaginous and fibrous tissue
2. Composed of collagen, located in areas of high stress and tension ( e.g. intervertebral discs, where tendons attach to bone )
3. Provides strong durable structure that resist compression and helps absorb shock

Question 10

What is DFCT?

Answer 10

Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue

Question 11

What are some functions of DFCT? ( 3 )

Answer 11

1. Provides Support
2. Protection
3. Structural Integrity

Question 12

What are three types of DFCT? ( 3 )

Answer 12

1. Ligaments
2. Tendons
3. Joint Capsules

Question 13

Describe the structure and function of Ligaments… ( 6 )

Answer 13

1. DRCT ( Dense Regular Connective Tissue )
2. Made up of collagen and elastic fibres arranged in parallel bundles encased in DFCT sheaths
3. Provides stability
4. Supports joints
5. Connects bone to bone
6. Limits excessive movement, preventing dislocation at joints

Question 14

Describe the structure and function of Tendons… ( 3 )

Answer 14

1. Made up of collagen fibres arranged in hierarchical manner, surrounded by a layer of connective tissue
2. Connects muscle to bone
3. Enables movement and facilitates muscle action

Question 15

Describe the structure and function of Joint Capsules… ( 4 )

Answer 15

1. Double-layered structure that encloses a synovial joint. The outer layer is a fibrous capsule, while the inner layer is a synovial membrane
2. Provides stability
3. Provides Lubrication
4. Provides nutrient supply

Question 16

Describe the structure and function of Fibrous Joints… ( 3 )

Answer 16

1. Bones are connected by DFCT, rich in collagen
2. Designed for stability and support
3. Provides limited to no movement between the connected bones

Question 17

Describe the structure and function of Cartilaginous Joints… ( 2 )

Answer 17

1. Bones are connected by cartilage, either hyaline or fibrocartilage
2. Allow limited movement, found in places where stability and strength are required

Question 18

Describe the structure and function of Synovial Joints…

Answer 18

1. Freely movable joint where two bones meet and allow for movement in multiple directions
2. Fluid filled cavity enclosed within a fibrous capsule