Module: Staining Part II

Question 1

Known as “Coal Tar Dyes”

Answer 1

Synthetic Dyes

Question 2

They are derived from the hydro-carbon benzene (C6H6) and are collectively known as Aniline dyes

Answer 2

Synthetic dyes

Question 2

They are derived from the hydro-carbon benzene (C6H6) and are collectively known as Aniline dyes

Answer 2

Synthetic dyes

Question 3

Are substances with definite atomic grouping and capable of producing visible color

Answer 3

Chromophores

Question 4

Simple benzene compounds which contain such substances of Chromophores

Answer 4

Chromogens

Question 5

Before a chromogen can properly be called a dye, it must have a property of retaining its color in the tissue. This property is acquired by the addition of an

Answer 5

Auxochrome

Question 6

Depending on where the coloring substance is found, dyes may be classified into three groups:

Answer 6

1. Acid Dyes
2. Basic Dyes
3. Neutral Dyes

Question 7

Where the active coloring substances is found in the acid component, and the inactive base, e.g. acid fuchsin, is usually the sodium salt of a sulfonate or rosaniline

Answer 7

Acid dyes

Question 8

Examples of Acid Dyes

Answer 8

1. Acid fuchsin
2. Picric acid

Question 9

Where the active coloring substances is found in a basic component that combines with the acid radical

Answer 9

Basic dyes

Question 10

Example of basic dyes

Answer 10

Methylene blue (both indicator and dye)

Question 11

are formed by combining aqueous solutions of acid and basic dyes, capable of staining cytoplasm and nucleus simultaneously and differentially

Answer 11

Neutral dye

Question 12

Example of Neutral dye

Answer 12

Romanosky dyes
Giemsa’s stain
Irishman’s stain

Question 13

Recommended for progressive staining

Answer 13

Aluminum hematoxylin

Question 14

Used for regressive staining

Answer 14

Ehrlich Hematoxylin

Question 15

Hastens the ripening process of hematoxylin

Answer 15

Sodium iodate

Question 16

Suitable for tissues that have been subjected to acid decalcification

Answer 16

Sodium iodate

Question 17

Exfoliating Cytology and sex chromosomes

Answer 17

Harris Hematoxylin

Question 18

Harris Hematoxylin is ripened by

Answer 18

Mercuric oxide/chloride

Question 19

The addition of this will give a more precise nuclear staining in hematoxylin

Answer 19

4% glacial acetic acid

Question 20

Another alum hematoxylin solution recommended for routine purposes, especially used in sequence with Celestine blue

Answer 20

Cole’s Hematoxylin

Question 21

Cole’s Hematoxylin is artificially ripened with

Answer 21

Alcoholic Iodine solution

Question 22

It can be used as regressive stain, but it is also useful as a progressive stain

Answer 22

Mayer’s Hematoxylin

Question 23

During staining, alum hematoxylin stained sections are usually passed on to an alkaline solution in order to neutralize the acid and free the OH group, to form an insoluble bluealuminum hematin-tissue-lake

Answer 23

Blueing

Question 24

Examples of Blueing agents:

Answer 24

1. Tap water 2. Lithium Carbonate 3. Bicarbonate 4. Potassium or Sodium Acetate

Question 25

Used only for differential and regressive staining, using acid-alcohol as a differentiating agent

Answer 25

Iron Hematoxylin

Question 26

Examples of Iron Hematoxylin

Answer 26

1. Weigert's Hematoxylin 2. Heidenhain's Hematoxylin 3. Regaud's Hematoxylin for Mitochondria

Question 27

Uses Ferric chloride as Mordant

Answer 27

Weigert's Hematoxylin

Question 28

Uses Ferric Ammonium chloride as the Mordant

Answer 28

Heidenhain's Hematoxylin

Question 29

Modification of Iron Hematoxylin used to demonstrate Mitochondria

Answer 29

Regaud's Hematoxylin

Question 30

Also known as the original Mallory PTAH technique, combining hematoxylin with 1% aqueous phophotungstic acid, which acts as mordant

Answer 30

Phosphotungstic Acid Hematoxylin (PTAH)

Question 31

One of the most valuable stains used for differentially staining connective tissue and cytoplasm

Answer 31

Eosin

Question 32

It is a red general cytoplasmic stain that combines with hemoglobin to give an orange color

Answer 32

Eosin

Question 33

Commonly used a counterstain in H&E

Answer 33

Eosin

Question 34

The commonly used eosin, showing green yellow fluorescence especially in alcoholic medium

Answer 34

Eosin Y

Question 35

Very faint bluish cast

Answer 35

Eosin B

Question 36

Eosin that is rarely used

Answer 36

Eosin S

Question 37

The most common staining technique in histopathology. This uses a combination of two dyes, used for demonstration of nucleus and cytoplasmic inclusions in clinical specimens

Answer 37

H&E

Question 38

A mixture of picric acid and fuchsin for the demonstration of connective tissues

Answer 38

Acid Fuchsin-Picric Acid (Van Gieson's stain)

Question 39

A basic acridine fluorochrome which permits discrimination between dead and living cells giving fluorescence for DNA and a red fluorescence for RNA

Answer 39

Acridine Orange

Question 40

Used to demonstrate deposits of calcium salts and possible sites of phosphatase activity

Answer 40

Acridine Red 3B

Question 41

Is a complex, water-soluble phtalocyanin dye, similar to chlorophyll, which stains acid mucopolysaccharides by forming slats linkages with the,

Answer 41

Alcian blue

Question 42

Is a cytoplasmic stain used for counterstaining of epithelial sections

Answer 42

Aniline Blue

Question 43

Is a plasma stain utilized also for deep staining of acid-fast organisms, for mitochondria, for differentiation of smooth muscles with the used of picric acid

Answer 43

Basic Fuchsin

Question 44

It is main constituents of Feulgen's (DNA) and Schiff's reagent for the detection of aldehydes

Answer 44

Basic Fuchsin

Question 45

Is used as a contrast stain for Gram's technique, in acid fast and Papanicolau method, and for staining diptheria

Answer 45

Bismarck Brown

Question 46

Usually combined with aluminum chloride to stain glycogen

Answer 46

Carmine

Question 47

Is a mordanted dye acting as a basic dye and staining acidic substances

Answer 47

Mayer's Carmalum Solution

Question 48

Resistant to strong acid dyes, recommended for routine staining of fixed sections, giving a good nuclear definition when used in conjunction with alum hematoxylin

Answer 48

Celestine Blue

Question 49

Is best known as an indicator, but may be utilized as a stain for axis cylinders embryos

Answer 49

Congo red

Question 50

It is used as 4% aqueous solution in Kaijan's method of staining elastic tissues, amyloid and myelin

Answer 50

Congo red