Staining (Module)

Question 1

Process whereby the tissue constituents are demonstrated in sections by direct interaction with a dye or staining solution, producing coloration of the active tissue component

Answer 1

Histological Staining

Question 2

Example of Histochemical Staining:

Answer 2

a. Perl’s Prussian Blue -> Hemoglobin
b. Periodic Acid Schiff –> CHO

Question 3

combination of immunologic and histochemical techniques that allow phenotypic markers to be detected and demonstrated under the microscope, using a wide range of polyclonal or monoclonal, fluorescent labeled or enzyme-labeled antibodies.

Answer 3

Immunohistochemical Staining

Question 4

Methods of Immunohistochemical Staining

Answer 4

1. Direct staining
2. Indirect staining

Question 5

process of giving color to the sections by using aqueous or alcoholic dye solutions

Answer 5

Direct Staining

Question 6

Example of direct staining

Answer 6

methylene blue and eosin

Question 7

the action of the dye is intensified by adding another agent or mordant

Answer 7

Indirect staining

Question 8

Process where by tissue elements are stained in a definite sequence and applied for a specific period of time. it is not washed or decolorized

Answer 8

Progressive Staining

Question 9

The tissue is first overstained to obliterate the cellular details and the excess stain is removed or decolorized from unwanted parts of the tissue, until the desired intensity of color is obtained

Answer 9

Regressive staining

Question 10

selective removal of excess stain from the tissue during regressive staining

Answer 10

Differentiation (Decolorization)

Question 11

acts differentiator for both Basic and Acid Dye

Answer 11

Alcohol

Question 12

use of specific dyes w/c differentiate particular substances w/ a color that is different from that of the stain itself

Answer 12

Metachromatic Staining

Question 13

tissue components combine w/ these dyes form a different color

Answer 13

Metachromatic Staining

Question 14

belongs to the thizine and triphenylmethane group

Answer 14

Metachromatic staining

Question 15

Examples of Metachromatic staining

Answer 15

1. Methyl violet
2. Cresyl blue
3. Safranin
4. Bismark brown
5. Basic fuchsin
6. Methylene blue
7. Thionine
8. Toluidine blue
9. Azure A and B

Question 16

application of a different color or stain to provide contrast and background to the staining of the structural components to be demonstrated

Answer 16

Counterstaining

Question 17

Cytoplasmic Stains:

Answer 17

Red - Eosin Y, Eosin B, Phloxine B
Yellow - Picric acid, Orange G, Rose Bengal
Green - Light green SF, Lissamine green

Question 18

Nuclear Stains:

Answer 18

Red - Neutral red, Safranin 0, Carmine, Hematoxylin
Blue - Methylene blue, Toluidine Blue, Celestine

Question 19

specific tissue elements are demonstrated not by stains, but by colorless solutions of metallic salt

Answer 19

Metallic Impregnation

Question 20

Black deposits

Answer 20

Metallic salts and Ammoniacal Silver

Question 21

Is a selective staining of living cells constituents

Answer 21

Vital staining

Question 22

Example of Vital staining

Answer 22

Janus green –> Mitochondria

Question 23

____ of living cells is resistant to vital stains

Answer 23

Nucleus

Question 24

Injection of dye into any part of the animal body, producing specific colorization of certain cells

Answer 24

Intravital staining

Question 25

Examples of Intravital stains:

Answer 25

Lithium Carmine India Ink

Question 26

Used to stain living cells immediately after removal from the living body

Answer 26

Supravital staining

Question 26

Used to stain living cells immediately after removal from the living body

Answer 26

Supravital staining

Question 27

Examples of Supravital staining

Answer 27

Neutral Dye - best vital dye Janus Green - recommended for mitochondria Trypan blue Nile blue Thionine Toluidine blue

Question 28

natural dye derived by extraction from the core or the heartwood of a Mexican tree "Hematoxylin campechianum"

Answer 28

Hematoxylin

Question 29

It is by far the most valuable staining reagent used by the cytologists due to its powerful nuclear and chromatin staining capacity

Answer 29

Hematoxylin

Question 30

Coloring agent of Hematoxylin

Answer 30

Hematin

Question 31

Oxidation of hematoxylin to become Hematin

Answer 31

Ripening

Question 32

Natural ripening of Hematoxylin make take

Answer 32

3-4 months

Question 33

Artificial ripening of Hematoxylin:

Answer 33

hydrogen peroxide potassium permanganate sodium perborate sodium iodate mercuric oxide

Question 34

Old histologic dye extracted from the female cochineal bug (Coccus cacti)

Answer 34

Cochineal dye

Question 35

Cochineal dye is treated with

Answer 35

alum Carmine (Dye)

Question 36

Widely used powerful chromatin and nuclear stain for fresh material and smear prep

Answer 36

Cochineal Dye

Question 37

Cochineal dye for neuropathological studies

Answer 37

Carmine + Picric Acid = Picrocarmine

Question 38

Cochineal dye for demonstration of Glycogen

Answer 38

Carmine + Aluminum chloride = Best's Carmine

Question 39

vegetable dye extracted from certain lichens which are normally colorless

Answer 39

Orcein

Question 40

Orcein is treated with

Answer 40

ammonia + air (Blue or Violet colors)

Question 41

It is weak acid,, soluble in alkaali

Answer 41

Orcein

Question 42

It is now primarily used as an indicator

Answer 42

Orcein