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Human and Social Biology > Module: The Circulatory System > Flashcards

Module: The Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

what is known as the surface area of something

A

the [outside] part that you can see

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2
Q

why do humans need a transport system?

A

because unlike single-celled organisms we aren’t able to gain oxygen and other subtstances our body needs through diffusion - since we have a smaller surface area.

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3
Q

what is the SOLE PURPOSE of the blood?

A

to transport oxygen and other nutrients around the body, as well as to release carbon dioxide

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4
Q

what are the 8 substances that are transported in the blood?

A

oxygen
nutrients (as well as water)
heat
metabollic waste
hormones
carbon dioxide
anti-bodies
Blood proteins

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5
Q

how is oxygen transported around the body?

A

by being diffused into the blood at the lungs and carried by the red blood cells

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6
Q

how are nutrients transported around the body?

A

by being diffused from the small intestines into the blood capillaries

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7
Q

how is carbon dioxide transported around the body?

A

it is produced as a waste product of respiration and carried from the lungs to the red blood cells, and is then exhaled.

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8
Q

how are hormones transported around the body?

A

they’re carried in the blood from the endocrine system

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9
Q

what do anti-bodies do?

A

they are found in white blood cells and fight diseases, viruses,etc.

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10
Q

what does blood protein do?

A

it clots the blood to prevent prolonged bleeding after being cut

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11
Q

where is metabollic waste found?

A

in your kidneys

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12
Q

what is heat?

A

a bi-product of respiration

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13
Q

what is a function of water in the body as it pertains to heat?

A

it forms tissue fluid and helps to carry heat around the body

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14
Q

what is the blood?

A

a fluid that contains dissolved substances and cells

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15
Q

why is the blood red?

A

it contains red blood cells which contain a red pigment called haemoglobin (that traps and carries oxygen around the body).

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16
Q

what are the 5 MAIN components of the blood

A

white blood cells
red blood cells
platelets
plasma
serum

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17
Q

what is plasma?

A

a gold-coloured substance in the blood that contains a minute amount of red and white blood cells.

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18
Q

how is the plasma able to carry most of the transport functions?

A

because it is 90% water

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19
Q

what is serum?

A

a blood plasma that causes blood clotting

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20
Q

why doesn’t the serum in the blood clot itself?

A

becauase all its clotting agents are gone due to centrifugation

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21
Q

what are red blood cells?

A

a bi-concave shaped cell that carries oxygen around the body

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22
Q

how are red blood cells able to carry out its function as it relates to its structure?

A

they don’t have a nucleus so they’re able to squeeze through the capillaries.

23
Q

how long do red blood cells ‘live’ for?

A

120 days

24
Q

where are red blood cells destroyed?

A

in your liver and spleen

25
Q

where are red blood cells made?

A

in your bone marrow

26
Q

what are the three main parts of the cardio vascular system?

A

heart
blood vessels
blood

27
Q

what percentage of the white blood cells are lymphocytes and what percentage are phagoytes?

A

lymphocytes - 25%
phagocytes - 75%

28
Q

what’s the other name for white blood cells?

A

leucocytes

29
Q

relate the structure of the lymphocytes to its functions

A

because of their large nucleus, they are able to produce a lot of antibodies to fight off pathogens.

30
Q

relate the structure of the phagocytes to its function

A

the phagocyte has a lobed nucleus which moves to the site of bacteria, engulfs then consumes it.

31
Q

what are platelets?

A

a component of the blood that contain small fragments of cells that are used to clot blood at the site of a wound.

32
Q

process by which the nucleus of the phagocyte engulfs and consumes the bactera

A

phagocytosis

33
Q

name the three blood vessels

A

arteries
veins
capillaries

34
Q

outline the process by which blood flows through the different blood vessels

A

the blood leaves the heart and into the rest of the body through the arteries. they then branch off into arterioles which are connected to the capillaries. these capillaries are connected to the veins that branch off into venules that go right back to the heart.

35
Q

how does the structure of the artery affect its function?

A

they have thick elastic muscles to withstand the pressure coming from the heart. it has a small lumen that allows the blood (coming from the heart) to shoot out.

36
Q

how does the structure of the capillaries affect its function?

A

they are one cell thick to easily transport materials to and from the vessels - at the organs.

37
Q

how does the structure of the veins affect its function?

A

they have valves which prevent the backflow of blood.

38
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

carries deoxygenated blood

39
Q

pulmonary veins

A

carries oxygenated blood (from the lungs)

40
Q

what is the heart?

A

a 4 chambered, double-pump system that takes in and out oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

41
Q

sinoatrial nodes

A

regulates how fast or slow (the pace) the heart beats/moves

42
Q

outline the process of blood entering the left side of the heart.

A

each time the heart squeezes, oxyenated blood enters through the veins and into the left atrium. then into the left ventricles and leaves the heart by squeezing through the semi lunas and out through the aorta.

43
Q

outline the process of blood entering the right side of the heart.

A

each time the heat squeezes, deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the vena cava (coming from your head). it goes into the right atrium and into the right ventricles. after that the pulmonary veins carry the blood to the right and left lungs

44
Q

systole

A

the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries.

45
Q

diastole

A

the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood.

46
Q

state and explain the 2 categories of systole

A
  • atrial systole: when the atrium contract and allows the valves of the bicuspid and tricuspid - to the vein and ventricle.
  • ventricular systole: the contracting/squeezing of the ventriculars to open the semi lunas, to allow the ventricles to receive oxygenated and deoxygentated blood.
47
Q

outline and explain the process of blod clotting

A
  • at the site of a wound/cut, the white blood cells (specifically the phagocytes) immediately engulf and trap the pathogens/bacteria, etc. to prevent it from entering the body.
  • the platelets react with calcium ions to form prothombine.
  • when the prothomine get activated, it becomes an active enzyme called thrombine.
  • the thrombine reacts with protein to create fibrenogen.
  • the fibrenogen is converted to fibrins that create a mesh or net in the blood at the site of the wound.
  • the blood then clotd, dries, hardens and forms a scab.
48
Q

comparision between the blood vessels - direction of blood flow

A

arteries: away from the heart
capillaries: throughout all the tissues
veins: towards the heart

49
Q

comparision between the blood vessels - pressure of blood

A

arteries: high
capillaries: low
veins: low

50
Q

comparision between the blood vessels - flow of blood

A

arteries: rapid, moves in pulses
capillaries: slow, smooth
veins: slow,smooth

51
Q

comparision between the blood vessels - type of blood

A

arteries: oxygenated
capillaries: becomes oxygenated
veins: deoxygenated

52
Q

comparision between the blood vessels - location of vessel

A

arteries: most lie deep within the body
capillaries: throughout all tisues
veins: close to body surface

53
Q

comparision between the blood vessels - valves

A

arteries: absent
capillaries: absent
veins: present

54
Q

comparision between the blood vessels - vessel wall structure

A

arteries: thick, elastic
capillaries: single layer, thin
veins: thin, elastic

Human and Social Biology (9 decks)

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