Motivation Flashcards
(55 cards)
Perspectives on Motivation (Replace)
> Instinct Theory (replaced by evolutionary perspective)
Drive-Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Hierarchy of Motives
Instinct and Evolution Theory
> some behaviors are internally motivated
problem: list too long of possible things could do
(could not all be considered not “learned”)
ex. humans build diff kinds of houses, birds have one type
Instinct
> complex behaviors, fixed patterns throughout species (not learned)
humans have few instincts
no “maternal instinct”, it’s learned
Drive Reduction Theory
> biological need creates tension (motivates organism to satisfy need)
need (food)- drive (hunger)- drive-reducing behaviors (eat)
problem: focus only on internal events
Homeostasis
Drive Reduction Theory
> organism seeks to maintain stable internal state
>narrow range of working values (ex. amt of oxogen, water, etc.)
Drive
Drive Reduction Theory
> arousal due to biological need
Negative Feedback Loop
> stronger need = stronger drive
External Incentives
> outside events cause person to take action (which may not be needed)
ex. smell baking bread = strong desire to eat
Incentives Experiment
> G1: (hungry rats) run maze for food
G2: (hungry rats+food before) run maze for food
DV: running speed/time
Drive-reduction Theory predicts G1 should run fastest (most drive)
results: G2 ran faster, food pellet caused more motivation
Hunger and the Brain
> glucose in blood monitored by receptors
(in stomach, liver, and intestines)
send signals to hypothalamus
experience hunger from certain parts of brain
Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)
> on switch for hunger/eating when food present
destroyed: animal may not eat
eating is not instinctual
Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)
> off switch for hunger/eating
>destroyed: drastically over eats
Set Point
> body tries to maintain certain weight (range)
>genetic and environmental
Lesion
> damage
causes new set point to be established
brain surgery is not exact (permanent)
VMH Lesion Rats
> food intake: flat – increase – peaked – decrease — norm flat rate
weight: flat – increase –peaked – flat
Hyperphagic Rats
> VMH lesion rats
don’t attend to internal cues (don’t feel need to eat)
sensitive to external cues (picky toward properties of food)
won’t work for food (lazy)
highly emotional (easily distressed)
Schacter’s Experiments
> compared traits of normal weight and obese individuals
>suggested some individual’s VMH doesn’t work
Test 1
Schacter’s Experiments
> tested sensitivity to internal cues
ex. found avg. weight ppl ate fewer crackers
(obese = less sensitive to internal cues)
Test 2
Schacter’s Experiments
> tested sensitivity to external cues
ex. found obese ate less of quinine “bitter” ice cream
(obese = more sensitive to external cues)
Test 3
Schacter’s Experiments
> tested if would work for food
ex. found obese would eat far fewer nuts in shells
(obese = wanted to do less work)
Test 4
Schacter’s Experiments
> tested emotional responses
ex. found obese were poor with emotional stories
(obese = more emotional)
Sexual Motivation: Hormones Overview
> animal’s sexual motivations based on hormones
humans have relatively constant hormone levels
(less driven by hormones)
Sexual Motivation: Women and Hormones
> women more likely to have sex when close to ovulation (increased testosterone)
ex. strippers enhanced dress/earned more $ when close to ovulation
saliva data can predict ovulation (egg release)
Sexual Motivation: Men and Hormones
> higher levels of testosterone = higher sexual motivation
>everyone produces testosterone
