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Psychology > States of Consciousness > Flashcards

States of Consciousness Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Selective Attention

A

> conscious awareness process
small part of all we experience
ex. Blink = brain ignores momentary blackout

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2
Q

Change Blindness

A

> oblivious to large differences in surroundings

>ex. 2/3 failed to notice change in person talking to

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3
Q

Dichotic Listening

A

> hear two diff messages (L&R ear) simultaneously

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4
Q

Shadowing Task

A

> say word for word message in primary ear
ensures paying attention
demanding job

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5
Q

Cherry’s Experiment

A

> volunteers given surprise memory test about secondary message
no recall

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6
Q

Moray’s Experiment

A

> short secondary message repeated 35 times
forgot content (did not realize change in language)
auditory properties remembered (tone/pitch)

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7
Q

Broadbent’s Filter Theory

A

> serial processing

>individual controls filter

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8
Q

Serial Processing

A

> only focus on one task

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9
Q

Treisman Experiment

Summary

A

> recorded arousal to shock/names read

>proves secondary message being attended to in some way

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10
Q

Treisman Experiment

Part I

A

> training phase
pair city names w/shock
record Galvanic Skin Response (like polygraph)
city names alone increased GSR

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11
Q

Treisman Experiment

Part II

A

> shadowing task, secondary message says city names
GSR recorded w/no electric shock
city name in unattended ear = GSR increase
no recall city names listed
contradicts Filter Theory

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12
Q

Capacity Theory

A

> attention is limited resource
individual controls distribution
difficult tasks require more
causes breakdown into serial processing

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13
Q

Parallel Processing

A

> multitasking

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14
Q

Truck/Bus Drivers

Capacity Theory Example

A

> navigate through course
remember how many lights turned on
after, analyzed driving record after two years
good at light monitoring test = better record

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15
Q

Split-span Technique & Fighter Pilot

Capacity Theory Example

A

> two simultaneous messages
try to remember numbers
good at task = better pilots

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16
Q

Distracted Driving Accidents

A

> cell phone: 4x
texting: 23x, 400% “eyes of road”, 8x more than drunk
3000 deaths (high as 8,000) , 330,000 injured
28% of fatal involved distracted driving
auto accidents #1 cause of death in young

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17
Q

Driving Experiment Results

A 
>Ranks:
1) Control Group
2) Drunk (0.08)
3) Hands Free Cell
>Cell User Facts: similar to 70 yr. olds, hands free was irrelevant, distracted 5-10 mins after end
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18
Q

Automatic Process

A

> typically result of practice
little/no conscious effort
may not remember
does not interfere with other mental processes

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19
Q

The Stroop Task

A

> have to read color not word

>automatic processes hurt task

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20
Q

Sleep/Dreams

A

> spend about 1/3 of life

>average 72 yr. old = 24 years of sleep

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21
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

Study These Flashcards
A

> measures brain waves
average: several thousands of active neurons
every 90 mins pass through 5 stages

22
Q

Awake

Stages of Sleep

Study These Flashcards
A

> low voltages

>high frequency beta waves

23
Q

Drowsy

Stages of Sleep

Study These Flashcards
A

> alpha waves prominent

24
Q

Stage 1 Sleep

Stages of Sleep

Study These Flashcards
A

> may not know asleep

>theta waves prominent

25
Stage 2 Sleep | Stages of Sleep
>sleep spindles and mixed EEG activity | >feels like sleep
26
Slow-wave Sleep | Stages of Sleep
>Stages 3 & 4 >progressively more delta waves >large/irregular brain waves, low frequency
27
REM Sleep- Graph | Stages of Sleep
>low voltage | >high frequency waves
28
REM Sleep- Info | Stages of Sleep
>rapid eye movements >paradoxical sleep (deepest sleep vs/extremely active brain/body) >main dream state >altered state of consciousness >some areas of brain more active than when awake
29
Stages of Sleep | Overview
>Stages 1-4: person unconscious
30
Typical Night's Sleep
>usually only remember last two dreams >deepest sleep in first half of night >most time in Stage 2
31
Why Sleep?
>amount needed different for everyone >don't know exact reason >children: neurological development >adults: memory consolidation
32
Accidents and Sleep Deprivation
>graphed accidents before/after time change | >sleep deprivation causes accidents
33
Body Restitution Hypothesis | Explanations for Sleep
>sleep restores body >proved: releases growth hormones >disproved: body/brain aroused >ex. REM brings heart attack in elderly
34
Brain Restitution | Explanations for Sleep
>brain needs to replenish >proved: sleeping animals replenish >disproved: happens at night anyway
35
Evolutionary | Explanations for Sleep
>adaptive strategy >ex. being awake at night doesn't benefit prey >proved: comoflage >disproved: at night predators don't sleep, prey do
36
Energy Conservation | Explanations for Sleep
>sleep powers down/conserves calories/oxogen | >sleep a lot, typically weigh less
37
Activation Hypothesis
>dreams could relate to brain growth >activates/stimulates Central Nervous System >ex. animals twitch because of responses >dreams of kids are drastically different than adults
38
Dream Facts
>babies: 50% of time in REM (9-10 hrs. dreaming out of 18-20 hrs. asleep) >adults: 25% of time in REM
39
Memory Consolidation
>dream for memory consolidation | >often dream content relates to life
40
Wilson & Louie Experiment
>trained rats to solve circular mazes >while in maze, electrobes recorded neurons firing with "unique pattern" or "signature" >monitored brain activity in hippocampus (while in REM) >active vs. sleep brain activity closely matched
41
Human Evidence of Memory Consolidation
>participants play Tetris, then sleep >after REM woken up and reported playing game/moving shapes & colors >dreaming seems like natural form of practice >visual practice helps in real world
42
Sleep and GPA
>positive correlation between GPA and sleep | >study first then sleep
43
William Dement Experiment
>REM deprivation >volunteers slept in lab 8 nights >6 nights: exp. group- reach REM = wake up control group- woke same # of times (not in REM) >final 2 nights: sleep like normal, record EEG
44
William Dement Experiment Results
>REM Rebound Effect- deprived tried to enter REM 2x as often by night 5 >last 2 nights, spent 60% more time in REM >tried to catch up on REM (needed for brain)
45
Dreams Don't Predict Future
>5-6 dreams/night (2000 dreams/year) >by luck, one or two of events will happen >if 5 happen/year, then 99.75% did not happen (like lottery)
46
Characteristics of Hypnosis
>sleep is metaphor >selective attention becomes even more narrow >reality testing- checking surroundings (reduced) >people are suggestible >can cause temp forgetfulness
47
Hypnosis Facts
>requires willing/cooperative participant >hypnotic susceptibility is stable trait (not related to age) >suggestions control behavior within limits >wears off (good at reducing pain, not addictive, bad long-term treatment)
48
Hypnosis Example
>college students hear "experiment" and are compelled to touch forehead >combined with amnesia effect (did not know why did action)
49
Hypermnesia
>enhanced memory under hypnosis
50
Confabulation
>under/after hypnosis prone to mistakes and distortion of memory
51
Hallucinations Induced
>positive: see/hear things that aren't real >negative: does not perceive something they'd normally be aware of (ex. block pain temporarily)
52
Disassociation
>temp partition between fact/memory and consciousness | >pain & amnesia ||| consciousness

Psychology (12 decks)

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