Motivation & Leadership Theories

Question 1

Outline the 5 stages of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (ascending order)

Answer 1

1. Basic: canteen, clean toilets/water, living wage, etc.
2. Safety: Pension plans, employment contract, safe work environment
3. Love & Belonging: Teamwork, socials, holidays & good communication
4. Self-esteem: Appraisal, job enrichment, bonuses
5. Self-actualisation: Challenging tasks, promotion, empowerment, extra responsibility

Question 2

Outline Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

Answer 2

Hygiene Factors: Working conditions, wage salaries, work/life balance, etc
Motivator Factors: Job enrichment, empowerment, responsibility, etc

Hygiene factors don’t motivate but cause dissatisfaction if not met
Motivator factors create job satisfaction

Question 3

Outline Mayo’s Theory and the Hawthorne Studies

Answer 3

6 women working -> lighting & other conditions changed = rise in productivity
Productivity due to higher management recognition of employees
Importance of social interaction and group work for motivation

Question 4

Outline Vroom’s Expectancy Model

Answer 4

Motivation comes from 3 things:
Instrumentality = measure of the extent to which individual believes effort will generate reward
Expectancy = measure of self-confidence to achieve desired award
Valence = measure of value a person attaches to a given reward

Question 5

Outline Porter & Lawler’s Expectancy Theory

Answer 5

Rewards = between effort & reward with managers providing proper training to reach goals
1. Intrinsic rewards = + feeling from completing a task (e.g satisfaction)
2. Extrinsic rewards = Outside individual (e.g bonus, pay increase)

Question 6

Outline FW Taylor’s Scientific Management theory

Answer 6

Saw workers as machines with money being the only form of motivation
Division of Labour: break job into small, repetitive tasks with little training
Piecework: payment by results (e.g per item produced)
Tight Management: workers concentrate on their jobs & follow correct processes

Question 7

Outline McGregor’s Theory X & Y for leadership

Answer 7

Two types of managers:
Theory X: Workers are lazy, need to be controlled, are motivated by money and have little ambition
Theory Y: Workers enjoy work, seek responsibility, motivated by other sources and don’t need to be controlled

Question 8

Outline Fiedler’s Contingency Model for leadership

Answer 8

Leadership effectiveness is based on situation different leaders for different situations
Measured on Least-Preferred-Co-Worker Scale (LPC)
If score high = task-orientated leader
If score low = relationship-orientated leader

Question 9

Outline the Wright & Taylor Leadership Theory

Answer 9

Individuals can learn necessary leadership skills through good education, ability and motivation to improve
Leaders become more adaptive