Name three things that describes dysarthria 1. Dysarthria is: 2. Dysarthria is: 3. Dysarthria is:

1. neurologic in nature 2. a disorder of movement 3. categorized into different types

Motor: exam 1 Flashcards by Suzette Gonzales

What is a motor speech disorder according to Dr. Fleck?

different diagnosis that have to do with neuro muscle control

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What is a motor speech disorder according to the book?

Speech disorders resulting from neurologic impairments affecting: planning, programming, control, or execution of speech.

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Speech disorder resulting from neurological impairments affect: __________, __________, ________, or _______ _________

planning, programming, control, or execution of speech

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Motor speech disorders include what?

Dysarthiras and apraxia of speech

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What is a group of neurologic speech disorders that reflect abnormalities in: strength, speed, range, steadiness, tone or accuracy of movements required for the breathing, phonatory, resonatory, articulatory, or prosodic aspects of speech production?

Dysarthrias

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Dysarthrias is a group of speech disorders that reflect abnormalities in what?

strength, speed, range, steadiness, tone or accuracy of movements

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What is the definition of dysarthria (according to Mayo clinic)?

occurs when the muscles you use for speech are weak or you have difficulty controlling them.

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Name three things that describes dysarthria

Dysarthria is:
Dysarthria is:
Dysarthria is:

neurologic in nature
a disorder of movement
categorized into different types

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What is a neurologic speech disorder that reflects an impaired capacity to plan or program sensorimotor commands necessary for directing movements that results in phonetically and prosodically normal speech?

apraxia of speech

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T/F: Apraxia of speech is when the brain struggles to develop plans for speech movements. Muscles are NOT weak, but DO NOT perform normally normally-the brain has difficulty coordinating the movements. (Mayo Clinic)

True

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T/F: Apraxia is well researched outside of speech pathology.

False, it is ignored outside speech pathology literature and is often buried within categories of aphasia or the generic heading dysarthria.

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Motor speech exam, description: The description characterizes the features of _______ and _______ related to speech.

structures; functions

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T/F: Motor speech exam: the description is obtained from the patient’s history and description of the problem, oral mechanism examination, perceptual characteristics of speech , and results of standard clinical and instrumental tests?

True

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Motor speech exam: Once the speech has been described the clinician decides if speech is _______ or __________.

normal; abnormal

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What is the first step in a differential diagnosis?

The description

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What part of the motor speech exam asks the following questions:

Is the problem neurologic?
If the problem is NOT neurologic, is it organic?
If the problem IS or is NOT neurologic, is it recently acquired or long standing?
If the problem is neurolgic, is it an MSD or some other neurologic communication disorder? If an MDS is present, it is dysarthria or apraxia of speech?
If dysarthria is present, what type is it?

Establishing diagnostic possibilities

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When establishing a diagnosis, as diagnosis can be confirmed or eliminated based on the __________________. (three words)

site of lesion

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Establishing diagnosis: What happens once reasonable diagnostic possibilities have been recognized?

A single diagnosis may emerge or at least a list of possibilities from most likely to least likely.

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When establishing implications of localization and disease diagnosis, what should SLPs do?

SLPs should address explicitly the implications for localization.

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Establishing implications of localization and disease diagnosis:

SLPs need to address the compatibility of the speech diagnosis with the neurologic diagnosis.

If spastic dysarthria is the diagnosis, is it appropriate to say it is usually associated with bilateral upper motor neuron (UMN) involvement?
If the diagnosis is Parkinson’s disease but the patient has mixed spastic-ataxia dysarthra, is it appropriate to say mixed dysarthria is compatible with Parkinson’s disease?

2. no, mixed dysarthria is NOT compatible with Parkinson’s disease.

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T/F: When specifying severity of an MSD the severity should be exact.

False: the severity of the MSD should be estimated.

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Cranial Nerve (CN) V is called ________

a. Trigeminal
b. Facial
c. Glossopharyngeal
d. Vagus

a. Trigeminal

* hint Trigeminal =(T) 5 =(V) -> TV

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Cranial Nerve (CN) VII is called ________

a. Trigeminal
b. Facial
c. Glossopharyngeal
d. Vagus

b. Facial

* hint Seven (VII) facial features… 2 eyes, 2 ears, 2 nostrils, 1 mouth=7

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Cranial Nerve (CN) IX is called ________

a. Trigeminal
b. Vagus
c. Glossopharyngeal
d. Facial

c. Glossopharyngeal

* hint

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Cranial Nerve (CN) X is called ________ a. Facial b. Trigeminal c. Glossopharyngeal d. Vagus

d. Vagus | * hint people think Vegas is 10/10

Examination: | What are the 6 features of neuromuscular activity that influences speech production? (Hint: *****)

``` STARS: S trength T one A ccuracy R ange of motion S peed of movement ```

Cranial Nerve (CN) XII is called ________ a. Facial b. Vagus c. Trigeminal d. Hypoglossal

d. Hypoglossal | * hint 11 (letters) + 1= XII

Trigeminal is which Cranial Nerve?

Facial is which is which Cranial Nerve?

VII

Glossopharyngeal is which Cranial Nerve?

Vagus is which Cranial Nerve?

Accessory is which Cranial Nerve?

Hypoglossal is which Cranial Nerve?

XII

lower motor neuron (final common pathway, motor unit) describes the localization of which type of dysarthria?

flaccid

bilateral upper motor neuron (direct and indirect activation pathway) describes the localization of which type of dysarthria?

spastic

Describe the localization of ataxic dysarthria.

cerebellum (cerebellar control circuit)

The basal ganglia control circuit (extrapyramidal) describes the localization for which (2) types of dysarthria?

Hypokinetic and hyperkinetic

If an individual has lesions in the cerebellum and in the lower motor neuron, what type of dysarthria does that describe?

Mixed dysarthria

Trigeminal nerve: LMN (or FCP) lesions of the masticatory nucleus or is axons lead to paresis or ____ and eventual atrophy of masticatory muscles on the paralyzed side.

Paralysis

T/F: The unilateral upper motor neuron is lateralized in the unilateral lower motor neuron.

False; unilateral upper neuron

Which type(s) of dysarthria have an execution neuromotor base?

Flaccid, spastic

Which type(s) of dysarthria have a control neuromotor base?

Ataxic, hypokinetic, hyperkinetic

The unilateral upper motor neuron has what type of neuromotor base?

execution/control

A mixed dysarthria has what type of neuromotor base?

execution and/or control

Glossopharyngeal nerve: Speech related motor supply to the stylopharyngeus and upper constrictor muscles of the ____, tongue, and eustachian tube.

Pharynx | *hint: glossoPHARYNGEAL - pharynx

What is the neurologic (specific) for flaccid dysarthria?

weakness

What is the neurologic (specific) for spastic dysarthria?

spasticity

What is the neurologic (specific) for ataxic dysarthria?

incoordination

What is the neurologic (specific) for hypokinetic dysarthria?

rigidity; reduced range of movement; scaling problems

What is the neurologic (specific) for hyperkinetic dysarthria?

involuntary movements

What is the neurologic (specific) for unilateral upper motor neuron?

Upper motor neuron weakness incoordination, or spasticity

What is the neurologic (specific) for Apraxia of Speech?

planning/programming errors

T/F: The manifestations of an undetermined dysarthria is typical, precise, and easy to diagnose.

False; they can be sufficiently subtle, complicated or unusual

The paired trigeminal nerve is the ____ (size) of the cranial nerves.

Largest | *hint CN V - smallest number (V/5), largest nerve

The trigeminal nerve sensory functions include transmission of ___.

Pain

Trigeminal nerve motor components are responsible for innervating the ____ of mastication and the mylohyoid, anterior belly of the digastric, tensor tympani, and tensor veli palatini muscles.

Muscles

The trigeminal nerve is divided into ophthalmic, maxillary, and ____ branches

Mandibular

Final Common Pathway (FCP) is also commonly referred to as ____.

LMN | *hint FCP, LMNop

LMN (or FCP) lesions of the masticatory nucleus or is axons lead to paresis or ____ and eventual atrophy of masticatory muscles on the paralyzed side.

Paralysis

The paired facial nerve is a mixed ___ and ____ nerve.

Motor and sensory

Facial nerve: Its motor component supplies the muscles of ____ expression and stapedius muscle.

Facial

Facial nerve: Its sensory components innervate the submandibular, sublingual, and lacrimal glands, as well as ____ receptors on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and nasopharynx.

Taste

Facial nerve: LMN lesions can ____ or paralyze muscles on the entire ipsilateral side of the face.

Weaken

Glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and ____ nerve.

Sensory

Glossopharyngeal nerve: Speech related motor supply to the stylopharyngeus and upper constrictor muscles of the ____, tongue, and eustachian tube.

Pharynx | *hint: glossoPHARYNGEAL - pharynx

EXAMINATION: | Three Essential procedural components of a examination

H istory I dentification of salient speech features (ID'S) I identification of confirmatory signs (IDCS)

EXAMINATION: | History of Formal Examination confirms?

Documentation, Refines, and sometimes revises the diagnosis

``` EXAMINATION: What does the history reveal of an examination? a) time course of complaints b) neuromuscular activity c) observations about disorders d) Contextual speech displayed or observed e) all above f) A, C, D ```

F) time course of complanints, observation about disorders, contextual speech displayed or obsered

EXAMINATION: | Salient features contribute most ______ and ________ to a _________

directly, influentially, diagnosis

Examination: | What are the 6 features of neuromuscular activity that influences speech production? (Hint: ***)

``` STARS: S trength T one A ccuracy R ange of motion S peed of movement ```

Confirmatory Signs: What diagnosis does NOT require confirmatory signs?

MSD

Confirmatory Signs: T/F they are signs other than deviant speech characteristics?

TRUE

Confirmatory Signs: They are additonal clues about___________ or _____ factors.

lesion locus OR underlying neurophathophysiologic factors

Confirmatory Signs: | Signs may ____ have ____ causal or _____ relationships with _______

NOT, DIRECT, EXPLANATORY with MSD

``` Confirmatory Signs: Confirmatory speech system signs does NOT include: gait atrophy Reduced tone Fasciculations poor inhibited laughter or crying presence of pahtologic oral reflexes ```

GAIT (this is NONSPEECH motory system signs

``` Confimatory Signs IF rooting reflexes comes back, there may be____ a) nothing wrong b) neurological condition c) functional disorder d) b and c ```

B) Neurological condition

Name the top 5 common neurological conditions

headache, stroke, seizure, Parkinsons, and dementia

Confirmatory Signs: | What is Limb atrophy?

muscles waste away

Confirmatory Signs: Gait, muscles stretch reflex, superficial and pathological reflexes, hyperactive limb reflexes, limb atrophy, and difficulty initiating limbs movements = ________

Confimatory NONSPEECH motor system signs

Confimatory Signs include two signs; name them

SPEECH SYSTEMS SIGNS | NONSPEECH MOTOR SYSTEM SIGNS

Confirmatory Signs: | Name 3 nonspeech motory system sign

Gait, muscles stretch reflex, superficial and pathological reflexes, hyperactive limb reflexes, limb atrophy, and difficulty initiating limbs movements

EXAMINATION: Why would you review the case history with client and/or caretakers?

confirm or varify information is correct or if anything else needs to be added.

Confirmatory signs can be manifest in ?

speech or nonspeech muscles

Glossopharyngeal nerve: Effects of lesions are ______ to isolate because such lesions usually also damage the vagus nerve.

Difficult

Glossopharyngeal nerve: Damage to the nerve is most predictably associated with reduced pharyngeal sensation, gag reflex, and reduced pharyngeal elevation during _____.

Swallowing

Glossopharyngeal nerve lesion may lead to: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia, paroxysmal radiating ____ pain of unknown cause, triggered by swallowing or tongue protrusion.

Throat

Vagus Nerve: Complex and lengthy ____ motor and sensory nerve.

Mixed

Vagus Nerve branches include: Pharyngeal branch, Superior Laryngeal nerve branch, and recurrent _____ branch.

Laryngeal

Vagus Nerve: Effects of vagus nerve lesions depend on the particular _____ of the nerve that has been damaged.

Branch

Vagus Nerve: Damage to all of its branches produces _____ of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx.

Weakness

Vagus Nerve: Unilateral LMN lesions can affect resonance, voice quality, and _____ but usually affect _____ more prominently than resonance.

Swallowing; Phonantion

Accessory Nerve: Can also be called the ____ accessory nerve

Spinal

Accessory Nerve: Lesions in the region of the foramen magnum or in the region of the jugular foramen can weaken ____ rotation toward the side ____ the lesion.

Head; Opposite

Accessory Nerve: Lesions in the region of the foramen magnum or in the region of the jugular foramen can also reduce the ability to ____ (or shrug) the shoulder on the ___ of the lesion

Elevate; Side

Hypoglossal Nerve: Is a ____ nerve.

Motor

Hypoglossal Nerve: The hypoglossal muscle receives ___ and tactile information.

Taste

Hypoglossal Nerve: Damage to the hypoglossal nucleus or its axons can lead to ____, weakness, and fasciculations of the _____ to deviate to the side of the lesion when protruded.

Atrophy; Tongue

Lower Motor Neuron Origin: ______ and spinal cord Destination: ______

Brainstem; Muscle

Lower Motor Neuron Origin: Brainstem and spinal cord Destination: Muscle Function: Produce _____ actions for ____ and muscle tone

Muscle; Reflexes

Lower Motor Neuron Origin: Brainstem and spinal cord Destination: Muscle Function: Produce muscle actions for reflexes and muscle tone Carry out ____ _____ _____ (UMN) commands for _____ movements and postural adjustments

Upper Motor Neuron; Voluntary

Lower Motor Neuron Origin: Brainstem and spinal cord Destination: Muscle Function: Produce muscle actions for reflexes and muscle tone Carry out upper motor neuron (UMN) commands for voluntary movements and postural adjustments Distinctive Signs of Lesions: ______ of all movements (voluntary and ____)

Weakness; Automatic

Reflexes; Decreased

Lower Motor Neuron Origin: Brainstem and spinal cord Destination: Muscle Function: Produce muscle actions for reflexes and muscle tone Carry out upper motor neuron (UMN) commands for voluntary movements and postural adjustments ``` Distinctive Signs of Lesions: Weakness of all movements (voluntary and automatic) Diminished reflexes Decreased muscle tone ______ ```

Atrophy

Lower Motor Neuron Origin: Brainstem and spinal cord Destination: Muscle Function: Produce muscle actions for reflexes and muscle tone Carry out upper motor neuron (UMN) commands for voluntary movements and postural adjustments ``` Distinctive Signs of Lesions: Weakness of all movements (voluntary and automatic) Diminished reflexes Decreased muscle tone Atrophy _________ ```

Fasciculations

Upper Motor Neuron DIRECT Activation Pathway Origin: ______ ______

Cerebral Cortex

Upper Motor Neuron DIRECT Activation Pathway Origin: Cerebral cortex Destination: ____ and ____ nerve nuclei

Cranial; Spinal

Upper Motor Neuron DIRECT Activation Pathway Origin: Cerebral cortex Destination: Cranial and spinal nerve nuclei Function: Direct _____, skilled movements

Voluntary

Upper Motor Neuron DIRECT Activation Pathway Origin: Cerebral cortex Destination: Cranial and spinal nerve nuclei Function: Direct voluntary, skilled movements Distinctive Signs of Lesions: _____ and loss of skilled movement/dexterity

Weakness

HyporeFLEXIA

Muscle

Upper Motor Neuron DIRECT Activation Pathway Origin: Cerebral cortex Destination: Cranial and spinal nerve nuclei Function: Direct voluntary, skilled movements ``` Distinctive Signs of Lesions: Weakness and loss of skilled movement/dexterity Hyporeflexia Decreased muscle tone _____ sign ```

Babinski

Upper Motor Neuron INdirect Activation Pathway Origin: ______ ______

Cerebral Cortex

Upper Motor Neuron INdirect Activation Pathway Origin: Cerebral Cortex Destination: ______ and _____ nerve nuclei

Cranial; Spinal

Upper Motor Neuron INdirect Activation Pathway Origin: Cerebral Cortex Destination: Cranial and spinal nerve nuclei Function: Control ____, tone, and movements supportive of ______ movement

Posture; Voluntary

Upper Motor Neuron INdirect Activation Pathway Origin: Cerebral Cortex Destination: Cranial and spinal nerve nuclei Function: Control posture, tone, and movements supportive of voluntary movement Distinctive Signs of Lesions: ______ (and weakness)

Spasticity

Clonus

Hyperactive

Upper Motor Neuron INdirect Activation Pathway Origin: Cerebral Cortex Destination: Cranial and spinal nerve nuclei Function: Control posture, tone, and movements supportive of voluntary movement ``` Distinctive Signs of Lesions: Spasticity (and weakness) Clonus Hyperactive stretch reflexes _____ muscle tone ```

Increased

Upper Motor Neuron INdirect Activation Pathway Origin: Cerebral Cortex Destination: Cranial and spinal nerve nuclei Function: Control posture, tone, and movements supportive of voluntary movement ``` Distinctive Signs of Lesions: Spasticity (and weakness) Clonus Hyperactive stretch reflexes Increased muscle tone Decorticate or decerebrate _____ ```

Posture

->Lower Motor Neuron or Upper Motor Neuron? Origin: Brainstem and spinal cord Destination: Muscle Function: Produce muscle actions for reflexes and muscle tone Carry out upper motor neuron (UMN) commands for voluntary movements and postural adjustments ``` Distinctive Signs of Lesions: Weakness of all movements (voluntary and automatic) Diminished reflexes Decreased muscle tone Atrophy Fasciculations ```

Lower Motor Neuron

->Lower Motor Neuron or Upper Motor Neuron? DIRECT Activation Pathway Origin: Cerebral cortex Destination: Cranial and spinal nerve nuclei Function: Direct voluntary, skilled movements ``` Distinctive Signs of Lesions: Weakness and loss of skilled movement/dexterity Hyporeflexia Decreased muscle tone Babinski sign ```

Upper Motor Neuron

->Lower Motor Neuron or Upper Motor Neuron? INdirect Activation Pathway Origin: Cerebral Cortex Destination: Cranial and spinal nerve nuclei Function: Control posture, tone, and movements supportive of voluntary movement ``` Distinctive Signs of Lesions: Spasticity (and weakness) Clonus Hyperactive stretch reflexes Increased muscle tone Decorticate or decerebrate posture ```

Upper Motor Neuron

Upper Motor Neuron -> Direct or Indirect Activation Pathway? Origin: Cerebral cortex Destination: Cranial and spinal nerve nuclei Function: Direct voluntary, skilled movements ``` Distinctive Signs of Lesions: Weakness and loss of skilled movement/dexterity Hyporeflexia Decreased muscle tone Babinski sign ```

Direct

Upper Motor Neuron -> Direct or Indirect Activation Pathway? Origin: Cerebral Cortex Destination: Cranial and spinal nerve nuclei Function: Control posture, tone, and movements supportive of voluntary movement ``` Distinctive Signs of Lesions: Spasticity (and weakness) Clonus Hyperactive stretch reflexes Increased muscle tone Decorticate or decerebrate posture ```

Indirect

The basic functions of the final common pathway are to:

Stimulate muscle contraction and movement. Other motor divisions must act through it to influence movement

The basic functions of the direct activation pathway are to:

Influence consciously controlled, skilled voluntary movement

The basic functions of the indirect activation pathway are to:

Mediate subconscious, automatic muscle activities including posture, muscle tone, and movements that support and accompany voluntary movement

The basic functions of the control circuits are:

Integration or coordination of sensory information and activities of direct and indirect activation pathways to control movement

The basic functions of the Basal ganglia are to:

Plan and program postural and supportive components of motor activity

The basic functions of the Cerebellar are to:

Integrate and coordinate execution of smooth, directed movements

What does the cerebellar control circuit consist of?

cerebellum and its connections.

What are the two components of the cerebellum?

flocculonodular lobe and the body of the cerebellum

What connections does the flocculonodular lobe have?

primary connections to the vestibular mechanism

What does the flocculonodular do?

modulates equilibrium and the orientation of the head and eyes. Primary function is control of eye movement.

The body of the cerebellum includes what?

midportion or vermis | lateral cerebellar hemispheres (subdevided into anterior and posterior lobes)

______ lobe is a projection area for spinocerebellar proprioceptive information. It regulates posture, gait, and truncal tone

The ______ cerebellar hemispheres in the posterior lobe are particularly important for coordinating skilled, sequential voluntary muscle activity.

lateral

_________ organization , including speech structures, is evident in portions of the anterior and posterior lobes

Somatotopic

Each _____ hemisphere is connected to the contralateral thalamus and _____ hemisphere, and each helps control movements on the ipsilateral side of the body

cerebellar | cerebral

The fiber tracts enter or leave the cerebellum through what three structures?

inferior, middle, and superior cerebellar peduncles

What are the output neurons of the cerebellar cortex?

Purkinje cells

Where do the purkinje cell axons synapse?

In the deep cerebellar nuclei,

Why are the dentate nucleus important for speech control?

seems to be active in initiating movement, executing preplanned motor tasks, and regulating posture.

Damage to dentate nucleus has been associated with what dysarthria?

persisting dysarthria

When focal lesions produce dysarthria what areas are often implicated?

lateral hemispheres and paravermal or posteromedial areas

Functional neuroimaging during covert speech tasks demonstrates activation of the ____ portions of the ____ cerebellar hemisphere.

superior | right

Overt speech production is associated with _____, inferior cerebellar hemisphere activation and connections with the motor cortex, ____, and ________.

bilateria basal ganglia thalamus

cerebellar pathways for speech include:

reciprocal connections with cerebral cortex; reciprocal connections with brainstem ; cooperative activity with the basal ganglia control circuit; auditory and proprioceptive feedback from speech muscles, tendons, and joints

What is the function of the cerebellar control circuit?

help coordinate timing among components of movement, scale the magnitude of muscle action, and coordinate the sequence of agonist and antagonistic muscle activity

What is the cerebellum's probable general role in speech?

receives advance notice about the syllabic content of an utterance from the cortex so that it refines the temporal and prosodic properties of its physical expression and be prepared to check the adequacy of the outcome based on auditory and other feedback from speech muscles, tendons, and joints.

Flocculonodular lesions are associated with:

truncal ataxia, gait disturbances, nystagmus, and ocular movement abnormalities

Lesion of the _______ ______ are associated with gait ataxia

caudal vermis

Lesions in the _____ and ______ cerebellar hemispheres are associated with intention tremor and incoordination of voluntary movements.

lateral | paravermal

Incoordination of voluntary movements is reflected in: _____, _______, _______. These lesions affect limb movements and can lead to dysarthria.

dysmetria, dyssynergy, dysdiodokinesia.

The effects on speech of cerebellar or cerebellar pathway lesions can be attributed to incoordination and, possibly, hypotonia. They are classified as ______ dysarthria.

ataxic

The core gray matter structures of the basal ganglia include the _____ and ____

striatum | GPi

What is lentiform nucleus?

putamen and GPi

What does the basal ganglia circuitry include?

gray matter structures, bidirectional inhibitory and excitatory connecting pathways, several crucial neurotransmitters

What is the primary receptive portion of the basal ganglia and what does it receive?

striatum (putamen), receives major excitatory input

What are the functions of the basal ganglia circuitry?

opening the gates to intended movements, closing the gates to competing or unwanted movements, preventing "locking up" of movement. In addition, posture and tone regulation, movement scaling, set switching, movement selection and learning.

basal ganglia control circuit dysfunction on movement can be manifested in what two general ways?

1. reduced mobility or (hypokinesia) | 2. Involuntary movements (hyperkinesia)

______ is often associated with disease of the SN

Hypokinesia

What results in a deficiency of dopamine in the basal ganglia; resulting in rigidity?

hypokinesia

Hypokinetic-rigid syndromes result from what?

loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SN, drugs that block dopamine receptors, and certain toxins

Hyperkinesia results from what?

excessive activity in dopaminergic nerve fibers. results in involuntary movements

Lesions of the motor components of the basal ganglia generally produce _____ profound dysarthria than lesions of the cortical components of the control circuit

The supratentorial consists of what?

Hemispheres, lobes, basal ganglia, thalamus, cranial nerves I & II

What is the posterior Fossa?

Brainstem (Pons, medulla, midbrain, cerebelllum)

Peripheral consists of what?

Cranial and Spinal nerves

Spinal Column has what sections?

Cervical (7), Thoracic(12), Lumbar(5) (CTL)

The visceral system is also called _________.

The internal regulation system. It contains afferent and efferent components to maintain homeostasis in the body.

Cerebrospinal Fluid System (ventricular System)

acts as a cushion to trauma in the CNS and maintain a stable environment for neural activity.

The Vascular System provides

oxygen and other nutrients to neural structures and removes metabolic waste. - Major locus of abnormalities that can lead to a MSD.

Vascular disturbances in the left or right carotid/ left, right, or middle cerebral arteries can produce

Dyarthrias

Left middle cerebral artery disturbances can cause

Apraxia and Aphasia

Know the localization of neurologic dieases:

1) focal- single area (e.g. left frontal lobe) 2) multifocal- involving more than one area or more than one group of structures (e.g. cerebellar and cerebral hemisphere plaques associated with MS) 3) Diffuse- Roughly symmetric portions (e.g. cerebral atrophy associated with dementia)

What are the development of symptoms?

acute- within minutes subacute- within days chronic-within months

Evolution or course of a disease

Transient- symptoms completely resolve after onset Improving- Severity is reduced, but symptoms are not involved Progressive- Symptoms continue to progress or new symptoms appear Exacerbating-remitting- Symptoms develop, improve, reoccur, and worsen Stationary (Chronic)- Symptoms remain unchanged To Improve Properly Eat Seaweed

Inflammatory Diseases

Infectious Processes- (e.g. meningitis, encephalitis)

Toxic Metabolic Diseases

Vitamin deficiencies, thyroid Hormone deficiency, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, and drug toxicity

Neoplastic Disease

Cancer

Trauma

Gunshot wound, fall, auto injury, blast

What is the most common cause of neurologic deficits?

Vascular Disease

Most common cerebrovascular disease is

Stroke aka Infarct aka Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

Neurons deprived of oxygen and interruption of blood supply

ischemia

What are the two types of onset for MSDs?

Congenital/developmental and Acquired

A MSD can take one of 5 courses: congenital, _____, _____, improving, and _____-_____.

chronic, progressive/degenerative, and exacerbating-remitting

Determining the site of a lesion can _____.

Predict certain speech deficits

7 locations for MSD lesions are:

- neuromuscular junction - peripheral & cranial nerves - brainstem - cerebellum - basal ganglia - pyramidal or extrapyramidal pathways - cerebral cortex

There are 6 different categories for neurological diagnosis: degenerative, inflammatory, traumatic, _____-_____, _____, and _____.

Toxic-metabolic, neoplastic, and vascular causes

T/F: By itself, MSD is usually diagnostic of a particular neurologic cause or disease?

False

What determines the distinctive pattern of speech deficits associated with MSD?

Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology variable: | Speech components involved ...

categorized by speech subsystems affected (i.e. breathing, phonation, articulation, or resonance)

T/F: Pathophysiology variable: | Severity does Not differentiate among MSDs.

True

Pathophysiology variable: Severity ...

relevant for treatment/management decisions

Pathophysiology variable: | Perceptual characteristics ....

crucial to differential diagnosis and management

Motor: exam 1 Flashcards

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