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Anatomy Decks > MSK HRP > Flashcards

MSK HRP Flashcards

1
Q

What do elastic fibres have?

A

Presence of numerous bundles of branching elastic fibres in the cartilage matrix

Elastic fibres are particularly dense in the immediate vicinity of the chondrocytes

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2
Q

Where are elastic fibres seen?

A

Seen in external ear, external auditory meatus, epiglottis, parts of laryngeal cartilages and walls of eustachian tubes

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3
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A

Presence of alternating layers of hyaline cartilage matrix and thick layers of dense collagen fibres oriented in the direction of functional stresses

Chondrocytes are typically arranged in rows between the dense collagen layers within the lacunae in the matrix

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4
Q

Where is fibrocartilage seen?

A

Found in the IV discs, some articular cartilages, the pubic symphysis

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5
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage seen?

A

Found in the nasal septum, larynx, tracheal rings, most articular surfaces, sternal ends of the ribs

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6
Q

What does hyaline cartilage look like?

A

Glassy, opalescent, firm in consistency

The chondrocytes are arranged in clusters – usually 2-4 cells

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7
Q
A

Hyaline cartilage

Get the glassy appearance of the matrix – very homogenius – see perichondrium also - Cells are grouped within the lacunae (the spaces) There is the nucleus inside but due to the staining may not see as well

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8
Q
A

Fibrocartilage

Cells are arranged in rows – and between these you have collagen fibres – well arranged

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9
Q
A

Elastic cartilage

Presence of fine elastic fibres – very close to the cells – see them very thin and fine

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10
Q
A

Compact bone

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11
Q
A

Trabecular (cancellous/spongey) bone

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

What is this called?

A

Haversian canal

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

What are the 6 functional and morphological stages in transition between epiphyseal cartilage and new bone?

A

Zone of REVERSE cartilage

Zone of PROLIFERATION

Zone of MATURATION

Zone of HYPERTROPHY AND CALCIFICATION

Zone of CARTILAGE DEGENERATION

OSTEOGENIC zone

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16
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

What is its appearance?

A

Tracheal cartlage

Blue, glassy

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17
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

What is its appearance?

A

Intervertebral discs

Chondrocytes in rows interspersed between regularly arranged collagen fibres

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18
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

What is its appearance?

A

Pinna

Similar to hyaline cartilage but a lot of thread like elastic fibre

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19
Q

The glenoidal and acetabular labrum are of what type of cartilage?

A

Fibrocartilage

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20
Q

Define ossification

A

Bone formation

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21
Q

What are the two types of ossification you normally see during the development of bone?

A

Membranous and endochral

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22
Q

What is spongey bone?

A

Bone at ends of long bones with trabeculae

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23
Q

What is the functional unit of compact bone?

A

Osteon or haversian system

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24
Q

What does the T and M stand for in this image?

A

Trabeculae and marrow

25
Q

Where are osteocytes?

A

Found within lacunae in bone

26
Q

What are osteoblasts associated with?

A

Periosteum

27
Q

What are osteoclast?

A

Large infrequent cells with ruffled borders – they are important in bone remodelling and are formed from the macrophage cell line

28
Q

What is an osteoid?

A

Unmineralised organic bone of the bone matrix that forms prior to maturiation of bone

29
Q

What is a malignant bone timour in young children?

A

Ewings sarcoma

30
Q

What is the typical presentation of ES?

A

Leg pain during exercise

31
Q

What is the radiology seen on ES?

A

Periostel onion skin reaction

32
Q

What is the histopathology seen in ES?

A

Small round blue cell tumour, monomorphic tumour cells, granular chromatin, necrosis

33
Q

What is a benign tumour seen in older children?

A

Osteoma

34
Q

What is the typical presentation of an osteoma?

A

Leg pain

35
Q

What is the radiology seen in an osteoma?

A

Osteoma <2cm> Osteoblastoma round lesion, radiolucent with areas of mineralisation, ‘Hot’ on bone scan

36
Q

What is the histopathology seen in osteoma?

A

Sharp margin, haphazard trabeculae, prominent osteoblasts/scattered osteoclasts

37
Q

What is a malignant bone tumour seen in older children?

A

Osteosarcoma

38
Q

What is the presentation of osteosarcoma?

A

Leg pain

39
Q

What does the radiology in osteosarcoma look like?

A

Large, destructive, poorly defined, ‘Cloud-like’ appearance, may elevate periostium – ‘Codman’s triangle’

40
Q

What is the histopathology seen in osteosarcoma?

A

High grade ‘spindle cell’ lesion, produces osteoid matrix

41
Q

What is the benign bone tumour seen in older children/young adult?

A

Endochondroma

42
Q

What is the presentation of endochondroma?

A

25 year old, painless swelling distal femur

43
Q

What is the radiology in an endochrondroma?

A

Central intramedullary expansile growth, intact cortex, ‘Ring calcifications’, peripheral ossification

44
Q

What is the histopathology in an endochondroma?

A

Hyaline cartilage, haphazard chondrocytes, no nuclear atypia

45
Q

What is a benign bone tumour seen in middle aged?

A

Osteochondroma

46
Q

What is the presentation of an osteochondroma?

A

40 year old, hard lump (longstanding) on leg

47
Q

What is the radiology of an osteochondroma?

A

Exophytic bony projection capped by cartilage, cortex and medulla contiguous with bone

48
Q

What is the histopathology of an osteochondroma?

A

From superficial to deep: Cartilaginous cap, Endochondreal ossification zone, Regular trabecular bone

49
Q

What are the malignant bone tumours seen in older people?

A

Chondrosarcoma and myeloma

50
Q

What is the typical presentation of a chondrosarcoma?

A

60 year old, several month history of painful swelling

51
Q

What is the radiology of a chondrosarcoma?

A

Poorly marginated tumour (metadiaphyseal), matrix calcifications, infiltrates medullary cavity/cortex

52
Q

What is the histopathology of a chondrosarcoma?

A

Cartilagenous matrix, increased numbers of spindled chondrocytes, rare mitoses, permeation through viable lamellar bone

53
Q

What is the presentation of a myeloma?

A

60 year old, several month history of malaise, abnormal bloods

54
Q

What does the radiology look like in a myeloma?

A

Multiple discrete ‘punched-out’ lesions, well defined borders

55
Q

What is the histopathology like in a myeloma?

A

Marrow infiltrated by diffuse sheets of plasma cells, eccentric nucleus, ‘Clock-face’ chromatin pattern

56
Q

What is the presentation of a metastatic adenocarcinoma?

A

60 year old, several month history of malaise

57
Q

What is the radiology of a metastiatic adenocarcinoma?

A

Usually osteolytic/destructive; may be osteoblastic/sclerotic/mixed

58
Q

What is the histopathology of a metastatic adenocarcinoma?

A

Usually resembles primary, reactive stromal changes often seen

Anatomy Decks (141 decks)

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