MSK System Physiology 1

Question 1

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

Answer 1

Hyaline

Elastic

Fibrous

Question 2

What are the 3 types of muscle?

Answer 2

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

Question 3

What distinguishes hyaluronic acid form other glycosaminoglycans?

Answer 3

It has no sulphate bonds and is not protein-linked

Question 4

Which glycosaminoglycan is the most abundant?

Answer 4

Chondroitin sulphate

Question 5

What is the contractile unit of muscle?

Answer 5

The sarcomere

Question 6

What is the name of the organelle in the muscle cell that is high in calcium?

Answer 6

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 7

What is the neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 7

Acetylcholine

Question 8

What substance fluxes through open gated channels when the action potential reaches the terminal bouton?

Answer 8

Calcium

Question 9

The depolarization of the post synaptic membrane is known as what?

Answer 9

The End Plate Potential (epp)

Question 10

Why will the epp always reach threshold every time?

Answer 10

Because it is suprathreshold

Question 11

What stops the action of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft?

Answer 11

Acetyl choline esterase. AChE breaks down Ach into choline and acetate.

Question 12

Adrenergic synapses use what neurotransmitter?

Answer 12

Norepinephrine

Question 13

What are the 2 contractile proteins of muscle?

Answer 13

Actin and myosin

Question 14

Which of the contractile proteins is found in the thin filament?

Answer 14

Actin

Question 15

Which of the contractile proteins is found in the thick filament?

Answer 15

Myosin

Question 16

What are the 2 regulatory proteins that are also found on the thin filament?

Answer 16

Troponin and tropomyosin

Question 17

Which is the regulatory protein that has an inhibitory action on the formation of actin-myosin complex?

Answer 17

Tropomyosin

Question 18

What substance causes the troponin-tropomyosin complex to fall away from the active site of the actin molecule?

Answer 18

Calcium

Question 19

To which of the regulatory proteins does calcium bind?

Answer 19

Troponin

Question 20

What substance is bound to the myosin head?

Answer 20

atp

Question 21

What two things do we need to get the muscle to relax?

Answer 21

(1) Removal of calcium

(2) Formation of atop on myosin head

Question 22

Lifting and setting down contraction with muscle shortening and lengthening is known as what type of contraction?

Answer 22

Isotonic

Question 23

Contraction with no external muscle shortening is what type of muscle contraction?

Answer 23

Isometric

Question 24

The force-velocity curve describes what type of muscle contraction?

Answer 24

Isotonic (velocity gives sense of movement)

Question 25

The length-tension curve describes what type of muscle contraction?

Answer 25

Isometric

Question 26

Posture, heat generation, nerve nutrition of muscle and general circulation are all functions of what?

Answer 26

Muscle tone

Question 27

What is it called when a series of action potentials reach a muscle such that it cannot relax and so force within a muscle is built to a maximum?

Answer 27

Summation of twitches

Question 28

Accumulation of calcium in the cytoplasm is the mechanism for what?

Answer 28

Summation of twitches

Question 29

What are the 3 muscle fiber types?

Answer 29

Fast oxidative glycolytic Slow oxidative Fast glycolytic

Question 30

Marathon runners have more of what muscle fibers?

Answer 30

Slow oxidative

Question 31

Sprinters have more of what type of muscle fibers?

Answer 31

Fast glycolytic

Question 32

Where do you find smooth muscle in the body?

Answer 32

Hollow organs, blood vessels, lymphatics, in the skin to do piloerection and in the eye

Question 33

What are the 2 different types of smooth muscle?

Answer 33

(1) Multi unit (2) Visceral-contracts as a single unit

Question 34

Piloerection and the ciliary muscles of the eyes are examples of what type of smooth muscle?

Answer 34

Multi unit

Question 35

Gap junctions are found in which type of smooth muscle?

Answer 35

Viscera

Question 36

What is the cytoplasmic binding protein found in smooth muscle?

Answer 36

Calmodulin

Question 37

What are 2 possible sources of calcium for smooth muscle contraction?

Answer 37

(1) Mitochondrion (2) Intracellular vesicles

Question 38

How does relaxation of smooth muscle differ from relaxation of skeletal muscle?

Answer 38

It requires a light chain phosphatase enzyme to remove phosphate from myosin. In skeletal muscle relaxation is based on the reuptake of calcium and atp formation on the myosin head.

Question 39

What are the 2 types of action potentials in smooth muscle?

Answer 39

(1) Spike potential (2) Plateau potential

Question 40

The gut, blood vessels experience what type of smooth muscle action potential?

Answer 40

Spike

Question 41

The uterus and bladder experience what type of smooth muscle action potential?

Answer 41

Plateau potential

Question 42

Smooth muscle contraction is regulated in what 2 ways?

Answer 42

(1) Neurally i.e. via neurotransmitters (2) Hormonally via blood borne agents (epi) and local tissue factors (O2, CO2, H+)

Question 43

What happens to smooth muscle when it is stretched?

Answer 43

It will often lead to a spike potential and contraction

Question 44

What happens to heart rate during an exercise bout?

Answer 44

It increases

Question 45

What does the increase in heart rate during an exercise bout do to stroke volume?

Answer 45

Increases it

Question 46

What happens to renal and splanchnic blood flow during an exercise bout?

Answer 46

They decrease

Question 47

After the anaerobic threshold is reached during an exercise bout what causes an increase in ventilation?

Answer 47

Increased lactic acid. Carotid bodies are responsible for this detection.

Question 48

What is the only metabolic hormone to be decreased in an exercise bout?

Answer 48

Insulin. Insulin encourages glucose reuptake of the cells.

Question 49

What happens in skeletal muscle during an exercise bout?

Answer 49

1. Increase in blood flow because vascular beds dilate and receive extra blood from renal and splanchnic beds 2. Increased metabolism up to 25X 3. Increased oxygen extraction

Question 50

How does maximum heart rate get affected by training?

Answer 50

It remains unchanged

Question 51

What happens to submax heart rate in a trained heart?

Answer 51

It decreases

Question 52

What happens to the coronaries in a trained heart?

Answer 52

They increase in size, not in number

Question 53

How is stroke volume affected in a trained athlete?

Answer 53

It will increase because the heart is more efficient and better able to handle demands

Question 54

How is oxygen consumption affected in a trained athlete?

Answer 54

It will decrease

Question 55

What happens to mitochondrion content in a trained athletes skeletal muscle?

Answer 55

They increase

Question 56

What happens to capillary density in a trained athletes skeletal muscle?

Answer 56

It increases

Question 57

What happens to protein content of skeletal muscle with resistive training?

Answer 57

It will increase

Question 58

What happens to lactate production in a trained athlete?

Answer 58

Less is produced for the same workload

Question 59

Glucose and glycogen are spared due to the increased metabolism of what?

Answer 59

Fatty acids

Question 60

What type of exercise will increase bone mass?

Answer 60

Weight bearing exercise

Question 61

What kind of exercise will increase size and strength of ligaments and tendons?

Answer 61

Resistance training

Question 62

How is insulin affected during rest and an exercise bout in a trained athlete?

Answer 62

Rest: lower insulin levels with higher sensitivity of receptors Exercise bout: higher insulin levels with lower sensitivity of receptors

Question 63

What happens to epi, norepi, cortisol, glucagon and GH during an exercise bout in a trained athlete?

Answer 63

They experience a lower rise