Pulmonary System Pathology 1

Question 1

What bacteria causes pneumonia in immunocompromised patients?

Answer 1

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Question 2

What causes whooping cough?

Answer 2

Bordatella pertussis

Question 3

What organism causes tuberculosis?

Answer 3

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 4

What is the skin test for tuberculosis called?

Answer 4

Mantoux skin test = purified protein derivate (PPD) test = tuberculin test

Question 5

What is the vaccine against tuberculosis called?

Answer 5

BCG, or Bacillus Calmette-Guerin

Question 6

How is tuberculosis transmitted?

Answer 6

By respiratory droplet

Question 7

What kind of immune response does the body have to tuberculosis?

Answer 7

Cell-mediated response, no antibodies are involved

Question 8

What is tuberculosis infection that has spread to the blood called?

Answer 8

Miliary tuberculosis

Question 9

What organism causes many cases of walking pneumonia?

Answer 9

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Question 10

What fungus can cause status asthmaticus?

Answer 10

Aspergillus

Question 11

What viral pathogen with over 41 antigenic types commonly causes pharyngitis and conjunctivitis?

Answer 11

Adenovirus

Question 12

What are the 3 main vectors for adenovirus?

Answer 12

Respiratory droplets

Fecal-oral routes

Direct fomite inoculation

Question 13

What is allergic rhinitis?

Answer 13

Type I immune reaction mediated by IgE, typically causing nasal discharge

Question 14

What is epiglottitis?

Answer 14

Life-threatening inflammation of the epiglottis, caused by H. influenzae

Question 15

What are the symptoms of epiglottitis?

Answer 15

High fever

Drooling

Inspiratory stridor

Toxic appearance

Question 16

What is the most common malignant tumor of the larynx?

Answer 16

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 17

What condition is associated with vocal abuse and heavy cigarette smoking?

Answer 17

Singer’s nodule, a form of vocal cord polyps

Question 18

What type of atelectasis is caused by a mass in the pleural cavity?

Answer 18

Compression atelectasis, which causes compression of alveoli

Question 19

What type of atelectasis results from Cystic fibrosis or adult respiratory distress syndrome (ards)?

Answer 19

Patchy atelectasis

Question 20

How are chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases characterized?

Answer 20

Physical or functional airflow obstruction

Question 21

What are the four types of obstructive lung diseases?

Answer 21

(1) Emphysema

(2) Chronic bronchitis

(3) Bronchiectasis

(4) Asthma

Question 22

What is emphysema?

Answer 22

A disease resulting from enlarged alveolar spaces and increased residual volume of the lung

Question 23

What is a term associated with patients with emphysema?

Answer 23

Pink puffers. They have to work to get air out of the lungs which results in a pink skin complexion not cyanosis.

Question 24

What is the clinical definition of chronic bronchitis?

Answer 24

A productive cough occurring for at least three consecutive months over the course of two consecutive years

Question 25

What is a term associated with patients with chronic bronchitis?

Answer 25

Blue bloaters. They are cyanotic due to blocked airways and systemic edema.

Question 26

What is bronchiectasis?

Answer 26

Permanent, abnormal bronchial dilation caused by chronic infection and resulting in abundant, purulent sputum and bronchial obstruction

Question 27

What is extrinsic asthma?

Answer 27

Childhood asthma that develops as a hypersensitivity reaction to allergens involving IgE bound to mast cells

Question 28

What is the problem in restrictive lung diseases?

Answer 28

Decreased lung volumes and decreased compliance from conditions affecting the interalveolar septa and connective tissue

Question 29

What are some types of restrictive lung diseases?

Answer 29

(1) Pneumoconiosis (2) Sarcoidosis (3) ards (4) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (5) Goodpasture's syndrome

Question 30

What is adult respiratory distress syndrome (ards)?

Answer 30

Respiratory failure from simultaneous pulmonary insults, including bacterial or viral pneumonia, sepsis, chest trauma, or fat embolism.

Question 31

Goodpasture's syndrome is what type of hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 31

Type II hypersensitivity reaction. This involves collage type IV.

Question 32

What are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary thromboembolism?

Answer 32

(1) Dyspnea with tachypnea (2) Pulmonary hypertension with right ventricular failure (3) Hyperventilation (4) Arterial hypoxemia (5) Pulmonary infarction

Question 33

What is the number one cause of immediate death?

Answer 33

Death from pneumonia

Question 34

What would you expect to find with bacterial pneumonia?

Answer 34

Consolidation, chills and fever, productive cough, blood-tinged or rusty sputum, hypoxia, shortness of breath, pleuritic pain.

Question 35

What two other terms are used for primary atypical pneumonia?

Answer 35

Walking pneumonia Interstitial pneumonia

Question 36

Ten to fifteen percent of lung abscesses are associated with what condition?

Answer 36

Bronchogenic cancer

Question 37

What are common causes of viral pneumonia?

Answer 37

Adenoviruses Influenza Rubeola Varicella Respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)

Question 38

What does viral pneumonia cause?

Answer 38

Patchy, unilateral or bilateral lobar involvement without consolidation, pleuritis or pleural effusion.

Question 39

Where is histoplasmosis typically found?

Answer 39

Mississippi and Ohio River valleys, where it is spread by wind, birds and bats.

Question 40

What does histoplasmosis mimic?

Answer 40

Tuberculosis

Question 41

What is another name for coccidioidomycosis?

Answer 41

San Joaquin Valley Fever

Question 42

Where is coccidioidomycosis typically found?

Answer 42

Southern California, southwestern U.S., northern Mexico, and parts of South America where it is spread by wind, birds and bats.

Question 43

Patients with HIV infection may develop which type of pneumonia?

Answer 43

Pneumocystis cariniipneumonia (pcp)

Question 44

What is the initial infection in tuberculosis (TB) called?

Answer 44

Primary tuberculosis

Question 45

What is found in primary tuberculosis?

Answer 45

A Ghon focus, which is a single granuloma with caseous necrosis in the center and located near the pleura of one lung.

Question 46

How is primary tuberculosis detected?

Answer 46

A positive reaction to a TB test

Question 47

What occurs in secondary tuberculosis?

Answer 47

Ten percent of patients with primary TB develop granulomas that erode into the bronchi and bronchioles. TB may then be spread to others through aerosolized bronchial secretions.

Question 48

What is the most common cause of death from cancer worldwide and in the U.S.?

Answer 48

Malignant carcinoma of the lung

Question 49

What causes eight-five percent of all lung cancers?

Answer 49

Cigarette smoking

Question 50

What types of malignant neoplasms affect the lung?

Answer 50

Squamous cell carcinoma Large and small cell carcinomas Adenocarcinoma Bronchial carcinoid

Question 51

What types of lung tumors respond to chemotherapy?

Answer 51

Only small cell carcinomas

Question 52

What complications may occur with pneumothorax?

Answer 52

Negative loss of pressure of the lung may cause the mediastinum to shift and compress the other lung, creating a life-threatening situation.