MT 3 Notes

Question 1

What are the three main parts of the cell theory?

Answer 1

1. All living things are made of cells
2. Cells are the most basic units of life
3. All cells come from other cells

Question 2

What do all cells have?

Answer 2

Genetic material, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes

Question 3

Bacteria
-No nucleus
-No membrane-bound organelles
-binary fission
-unicellular
-made of peptidoglycan

Answer 3

prokaryotic cells

Question 4

Found In humans, plants, fungi, and protists
-Has a nucleus
-has membrane-bound organelles
-is uni or multicellular
-only fungi and plants have cell membranes, made o chitin or cellulose

Answer 4

eukaryotic cells

Question 5

controls what goes in and out of the cell

Answer 5

cell membrane

Question 6

protects the DNA that controls the activities of the cell

Answer 6

nucleus

Question 7

Plant, bacteria, and fungi cells only!
-protect and maintain shape

Answer 7

cell wall

Question 8

Makes proteins

Answer 8

ribosomes

Question 9

storage (water, nutrients, and waste)

Answer 9

vacuole

Question 10

Gets vesicles of proteins from the ER
-processes, sorts, and ships proteins where needed

Answer 10

Golgi apparatus

Question 11

makes lipids (membrane)

Answer 11

smooth ER

Question 12

makes proteins, packages them for secretion

Answer 12

rough ER

Question 13

Plant cells only!
-where photosynthesis happens
-converts energy from sun energy to sugar

Answer 13

chloroplast

Question 14

-where cellular respiration happens
-breaks down food to release energy as ATP
-“powerhouse of the cell”

Answer 14

mitochondria

Question 15

Animal cells and Bacteria cells only!
-cilia: move fluid across cell’s surface
-flagella: move entire cell’s surface through extracellular fluid

Answer 15

cilia and flagella

Question 16

Animal cells only!
-appear during cell division
-help cells divide by pulling chromosomes apart

Answer 16

centriole

Question 17

In Animal cells only!
-breaks down dead stuff (food, bacteria, and old parts of cells)
-can do programmed cell death (apoptosis)

Answer 17

lysosomes

Question 18

like mini-carts that transport proteins around the cell

Answer 18

vesicles

Question 19

water concentration is lower than cell’s cytoplasm
-water out of the cell and then the cell shrivels

Answer 19

hypertonic solution

Question 20

water concentration is higher than the cell’s cytoplasm
-water into the cell and then the cell swells

Answer 20

hypotonic solution

Question 21

identical water concentration to cell’s cytoplasm, cell stays the same

Answer 21

isotonic solution

Question 22

the output of a system intensifies the response; amplification
ex:
-human child birth
-fruit ripening

Answer 22

positive feedback mechanisms

Question 23

the output of a system causes a counter response to return to a set point; stabilization
ex:
-human body temperature
-water concentration

Answer 23

negative feedback mechanisms

Question 24

requires no extra energy

Answer 24

passive transport

Question 25

requires extra energy

Answer 25

active transport

Question 26

The spreading out of molecules across a membrane until equilibrium is reached; moves down the concentration gradient from high to low concentration

Answer 26

diffusion

Question 27

a transported protein helps to facilitate the diffusion of molecules that normally couldn't pass through the cell membrane; high to low concentration gradient

Answer 27

facilitated diffusion

Question 28

the simple diffusion of water across the cell membrane; move from high water concentration to low water concentration

Answer 28

osmosis

Question 29

uses vesicles to move large particles into the cell; ex. when white blood cells engulf bacteria in order to fight infection

Answer 29

endocytosis

Question 30

uses vesicles to export materials out of the cell ex. when nerve cells secrete neurotransmitters to send signals throughout the body

Answer 30

exocytosis

Question 31

when a cell uses energy to pump molecules across the membrane; moves against the concentration gradient

Answer 31

molecular pumps

Question 32

Need of organisms to stay stable by regulating internal conditions

Answer 32

homeostasis

Question 33

What are the steps of mitosis? (IPMATC)

Answer 33

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Question 34

the G1, S, and G2 phase happens; cell growth

Answer 34

Interphase

Question 35

chromosomes condense and are visible as sister chromatids

Answer 35

Prophase

Question 36

spindle fibers connect to the centrioles; down the middle

Answer 36

Metaphase

Question 37

sister chromatids separate, pulling away from each other and becoming individual chromosomes; opposite ends

Answer 37

Anaphase

Question 38

Chromosomes de-condense and start to look like chromatin again; 2 cell membranes

Answer 38

Telophase

Question 39

the division of cytoplasm into 2 individual cells

Answer 39

Cytokinesis

Question 40

Why do cells divide?

Answer 40

to grow and repair new cells

Question 41

undifferentiated cells that can become differentiated into one or more types of specialized cells

Answer 41

stem cells

Question 42

What causes cancer?

Answer 42

when cells start dividing uncontrollably and cell cycle regulation breaks down, then cells divide much more often than healthy cells do and forms tumors. biological factors, lifestyle choices, viruses and other infections

Question 43

What are the 2 types of tumors called?

Answer 43

Benign and Malignant

Question 44

spreading of disease from one organ to others

Answer 44

metastasize

Question 45

What is the end result of Mitosis?

Answer 45

2 identical body cells

Question 46

How do the new daughter cells compare to the original?

Answer 46

The new daughter cells contain the exact same contents as the original cell, there is just 2 of them

Question 47

How is the cell cycle regulated?

Answer 47

cell cycle is controlled by a chemical control system that starts and stops events in the cell cycle