MT 5 Notes

Question 1

A pentose (5-Carbon sugar) biological molecule; DNA

Answer 1

Deoxyribose

Question 2

sugar that forms the backbone of RNA

Answer 2

Ribose

Question 3

the bond that connects and holds the nitrogenous base pairs together within the molecule

Answer 3

hydrogen Bonds

Question 4

occur within each linear strand and strongly bond the bases, sugars, and phosphate groups

Answer 4

Covalent Bonds

Question 5

a covalent bond formed between the carboxyl group of amino acid 1 and the amino group of amino acid 2

Answer 5

Peptide Bonds

Question 6

part of the molecule is conserved/saved, during DNA the two strands of nucleotides separate

Answer 6

Semi-Conservative Replication

Question 7

make up nucleic acids, have three parts: sugar, phosphate, and Nitrogen base

Answer 7

Nucleotide

Question 8

Where does DNA replication take place?

Answer 8

in the nucleus during S phase

Question 9

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

Answer 9

DNA uses the Nitrogen base Thymine, while in RNA it switches it out with Uracil. DNA is a double strand Helix, and RNA is single-stranded

Question 10

What type of bonds hold DNA together?

Answer 10

weak hydrogen bonds

Question 11

What does it mean when DNA is semi-conservative?

Answer 11

-each parent strand is a template that determines the order of the new bases
-forms a “complementary” strand to original strand
-the newly synthesized double helix is a combination of one “old” and one “new” DNA strand

Question 12

a chain of amino acids; can bind to others and fold into a protein

Answer 12

Polypeptide

Question 13

mRNA is attached to this, it reads the mRNA codons starting at AUG

Answer 13

Ribosome

Question 14

-the transformation from DNA to RNA
-carry the code/instructions out of the nucleus

Answer 14

Transcription

Question 15

-the transformation from mRNA to a polypeptide
-read/follow the instructions carried on the mRNA to make a polypeptide

Answer 15

Translation

Question 16

a set of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA

Answer 16

Codon

Question 17

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells

Answer 17

Chromosome

Question 17

monomer for making proteins, held together by peptide bonds

Answer 17

Amino Acid

Question 18

a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring

Answer 18

Gene

Question 19

Where does transcription take place?

Answer 19

Nucleus

Question 20

How does transcription take place?

Answer 20

copying a gene’s DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule

Question 21

Where does translation take place?

Answer 21

ribosomes

Question 22

How does translation take place?

Answer 22

where mRNA is read and translated into the string of amino acid chains that make up the synthesized protein

Question 23

2 full sets of chromosomes, 2n
Ex. In human somatic cells, 2n=46

Answer 23

Diploid

Question 24

one full set of chromosomes, (n) Ex. Gametes= egg and sperm, n=23

Answer 24

Haploid

Question 25

body cells, these are diploid Ex. blood cells, lung cells, muscle cells, heart cells

Answer 25

Somatic Cell

Question 26

Sex cells, these are haploid Ex. egg and sperm

Answer 26

Gamete

Question 27

chromosome pairs that have the same types of genes, one from mom and one from dad

Answer 27

Homologous Chromosomes

Question 28

-can occur between homologous chromosomes -during prophase 1homologous chromosomes are lined up together -when this happens they swap pieces of DNA

Answer 28

Crossing Over

Question 29

When does interphase occur?

Answer 29

it can happen before both

Question 30

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 30

Mitosis is to grow and repair cells, and meiosis is to create new life

Question 31

How do the cells produced in meiosis relate to the original cell?

Answer 31

each daughter cells receives a mixture of chromosomes from two sets in the parent cell

Question 32

carry traits that make you who you are Ex. the first 22 pairs of chromosomes

Answer 32

Autosomes

Question 33

carry traits that make you who you are AND determine your biological sex Ex. the 23rd pair of chromosomes

Answer 33

Sex Chromosomes

Question 34

diagram that shows the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in a cell

Answer 34

Karyotype

Question 35

-messenger -copies instruction in DNA and carries these to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Answer 35

mRNA

Question 36

-transfer -binds and carries specific amino acids to the ribosomes

Answer 36

tRNA

Question 37

-ribosomal -along with proteins, make up the ribosome -They also help catalyze the formation of peptide bonds

Answer 37

rRNA

Question 38

code of instructions for how to make proteins

Answer 38

Genetic Code

Question 39

"complementary" 3 nucleotides on tRNA

Answer 39

Anticodon

Question 40

the study of changes in gene expression that are heritable -different from mutations

Answer 40

Epigenetic

Question 41

gene expression is a highly regulated process -turning genes "on" and "off" is critical for cell differentiation

Answer 41

Regulation