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MT 1 notes > MT 3 World History > Flashcards

MT 3 World History Flashcards

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1
Q

a historical process that describes the growing interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and populations

A

Globalization

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2
Q

an intellectual movement of the 18th century that applied scientific methods to the study of society and government
-age of reason

A

Enlightenment

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3
Q

an economic philosophy that favored self-sufficiency, called for stockpiling gold and silver, encouraged exports, and discouraged imports

A

Mercantilism

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4
Q

a person who went against the Catholic Church

A

Protestant

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5
Q

the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between eastern and western hemispheres
-New World and Old World

A

Columbian Exchange

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6
Q

=rebirth
a flowering of culture, based on classical greek and roman ideas, that began in Italy in around 1300 and later spread throughout Europe

A

Renaissance

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7
Q

to collect/distribute revenue and otherwise administer the states government and military affairs, complex bureaucracies arose
-managed voyages of exploration

A

Bureaucracy

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8
Q

the notion that a ruler’s power is derived from God and can’t be questioned
-a justification for an absolute monarchy, ruler’s power must be considered be granted by God

A

Divine Right Theory

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9
Q

a religious penalty that excludes someone from a religious community or church

A

Excommunication

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10
Q

the process of adopting Western culture, including values, technology, and institutions, by societies outside of Western Europe

A

Westernization

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11
Q

a reform movement of the 1500’s that split the Catholic Church and gave birth to the Protestant religion

A

Reformation

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12
Q

a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific assumptions

A

Scientific Method

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13
Q

the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies

A

Middle Passage

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14
Q

a system of rule in which a monarch or other ruler enjoys unlimited power

A

Absolutism

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15
Q

Spanish conqueror of America

A

Conquistadors

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16
Q

the native language of people, religion, or country

A

Vernacular

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17
Q

traveling around the entire Earth

A

Circumnavigate

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18
Q

the military advances that resulted from the development of gunpowder weaponry

A

Gunpowder Revolution

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19
Q

a Russian emperor

A

Czar

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20
Q

a peasant farmer bound to the land with no political representation of social rights

A

Serf

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21
Q

a sold pardon by a priest
-released sinners from punishment

A

Indulgences

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22
Q

a colonial pattern of trade that involved the transport of slaves from Africa to the Americas, sugar and other products from the Americas to Europe, and manufactured goods from Europe to Africa

A

Triangle Trade

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23
Q

-said the famous French quote that means I am the state

A

Louis XIV

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24
Q

-Czar of Russia
-created a strict uniform of laws
-fought feudalism
-created boyars
-was a cruel Tyrant
-nicknamed ____ the terrible
-terrorized Russian society

A

Ivan IV of Russia

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25
-_____ the Great -visited Europe and wanted to make Russia into a modern nation -Opened Russia to Western Europe by the Window to the West -New uniform for men -New education
Peter I of Russia
26
-The Divine Comedy -Writer -Classical Latin -promoted the use of Italian to make learning to a wider audience
Dante Alighieri
27
-The Prince -Writer -had political themes -offered highly practical advice to rulers
Niccolò Machiavelli
28
-artist -Mona Lisa -true renaissance man
Leonardo da Vinci
29
-artist -ceiling of Sistine Chapel -La Pieta and the Statue of David -remarkable for their realism
Michelangelo
30
-German white man -spoke out on what Catholic Church was doing wrong -95 theses -Created Lutheranism
Martin Luther
31
-Julius Caesar -themes of classical culture -writer in English
William Shakespeare
32
-founded Anglicanism -broke apart from Catholic Church when they didn't let him divorce his wife
Henry VIII of England
33
-Italian Scientist -created the telescope and supported heliocentric theory -was burned at the stake by the Church because of his beliefs
Galileo Galilei
34
-English Scientist -created the principles of laws of gravity and motion
Isaac Newton
35
-French Scientist -skilled at math and logic -believed that human reason could be used to solve complex problems
Rene Descartes
36
-English Scientist -emphasized the value of experinmentation
Francis Bacon
37
-Swedish Scientist -developed a system to classify plants and animals by scientific type
Carl Linnaeus
38
-British Philosopher -philosophies inspired the U.S. Declaration of Independence -favored constitutional monarchy
John Locke
39
-Scottish philosopher -The Wealth of Nations -laid foundations for modern economics -believed a free market is run by competition and self interest
Adam Smith
40
-French Philosopher -Had strong ideas for Gov. -Believed people are corrupted by society -gov. is necessary and to be governed by the will of people
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
41
-Spanish explorer -trade and discovery -traveled to Mexico and learned of the Aztec Empire
Hernan Cortes
42
-French Philosopher -The spirit of the Laws -made the case for a 3 point gov. -separation of powers: executive, legislative, and judicial
Baron de Montesquieu
43
-Portuguese explorer -first to sail around the whole world for England -found a route to get to the spice islands
Ferdinand Magellan
44
-Italian explorer -1492, sailed to America thinking he was in the Indies -discovered the Bahamas and Cuba
Christopher Columbus
45
-Portuguese explorer -1498, reached India, later becomes a well-traveled route
Vasco da Gama
46
How was Louis XIV an absolute ruler?
he had complete control over France, including military, taxes, laws, and religion
47
Why was Ivan IV nicknamed "The Terrible"?
-was a cruel tyrant -would kill people for insane things -uniform code of laws
48
What ways did Peter the Great and Catherine the Great westernized Russia?
-Opened up Russia to Western Europe -New dress code -New schools, academy, science -built factories and roads, professional army Window to the west -Enlightenment
49
What ended the Romanov Dynasty?
They were executed
50
What caused the renaissance to start in Italy?
-City-states (money, education, and non-monarchial) -Wealthy from trade and commerce -was in the middle of the Mediterranean which allowed for lots of trade -origins of classical Greek and Roman culture
51
How did literature and art change during the renaissance?
-literature changed by incorporating new languages so then everyone could learn -it focused more on humanism, realism, and individualism
52
What were the "issues" that Martin Luther had against the Catholic Church?
-95 theses -he believed that some of the Catholic Church's views were wrong -including the indulgences, authority of the pope, and role of priests
53
What did the Catholic Church do to counteract the Reformation and bring back followers?
-they tried to revive and defend catholicism -end sales of indulgences, improve education for priests, impose more discipline -renew missionary activity -built new churches
54
Geocentric vs. Heliocentric
-geo: Earth, the idea that Earth is the center of the solar system -helio: Sun, the idea that the sun is the center of the solar system, with earth and other planets around it
55
What are the steps to the scientific method?
1. you have a problem 2. form a hypothesis 3. conduct an experiment 4. record your data 5. analyze your data to confirm your hypothesis is correct
56
Why is the enlightenment a direct product of the scientific revolution?
-allows people to apply the scientific method to society, government, and religion
57
an agreement between individuals in a society to give up some of their natural freedoms in exchange for the protection of their fundamental "natural rights" like life, liberty, and property, with the understanding that the government is obligated to uphold these rights
Locke's social contract and natural rights
58
How are the Enlightenment philosophers linked to the creation of the United States?
their ideas about natural rights, consent of the governed, and the right to revolution heavily influenced the Founding Fathers
59
Why did Europeans start to explore?
to find new routes and access to the riches of Asia, spices and silk
60
Which countries were heavily invested in exploration in the 15th century?
Spain, Portugal
61
agreement that split all not-yet-explored lands between Spain and Portugal -gave Spain all rights to the lands west of the line and Portugal rights east of the line
Treaty of Tordesillas
62
What areas were claimed/explored by the Spanish?
West Indies, Mexico, Central America, South America
63
What areas were claimed/explored by the Portuguese?
Brazil, West Africa, Asia
64
What areas were claimed/explored by the English?
Americas (colonies)
65
What areas were claimed/explored by the French?
Canada, colonies in America
66
What areas were claimed/explored by the Dutch?
Caribbean, colonies in America
67
What was the purpose of creating colonies?
to gain economic benefits, access to new resources, trade opportunities, potential wealth
68
What are the positive and negative effects of European exploration in the New World?
Pros: intro to new crops and animals, boosted global trade Cons: devastated indigenous populations through disease and violent conquest, slaves, cultural disruption
69
What are the products of the Columbian Exchange?
-food such as: corn potatoes, beans, squashes, avocados, tomatoes, chili peppers, and cocoa -plants and animals such as: peaches, oranges, bananas, sugar cane, coffee, cows, pigs, and sheep
70
What is the philosophy of mercantilism?
an economic philosophy that favored self-sufficiency, called for stockpiling gold and silver, encouraged exports, and discouraged imports
71
the devastation of American Indian populations by diseases brought from Europe
Great Dying
72
an economic system in which all resources are privately owned and markets determined how those resources are distributed
Capitalism
73
a person willing to take the risks involved in starting or running a business
Entrepreneurs
74
-Geneva -created Calvinism
John Calvin
75
Gold and Silver
Bullion
76
Gold and Silver
Bullion
77
Russia's landowning nobility
Boyars
78
territory gained from Sweden in St. Petersburg
Window to the West
79
fear of foreigners
Xenophobia
80
-Spanish explorer -captured the Incan's -looted the city of gold and silver
Francisco Pizarro

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