Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > Muscles & Nerves > Flashcards

Muscles & Nerves Flashcards

(62 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

How is a longitudinal view of skeletal muscle identified?

A
  • Heavy striations
  • Quite straight fibres
  • Nuclei pushed to edge of fibres
  • fibres seperated by endomysium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is a cross-section of skeletal muscle recognised?

A
  • Nuclei pushed to the edge of fibres
  • Each fibres surrounded by endomysium
  • bundled into fascicles surroudned by perimysium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is different about smooth muscle histology?

A

images can show cross-sectional areas & longitudinal areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is smooth muscle longitudinal section recognised?

A

Longitudinal:

  • Spindle shaped nuclei
  • Dense & “blurry”
  • no striations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is smooth muscle cross-sections recognised?

A

Central nuclei
Not as clearly bundled
Fibres wrapped in endomysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is cardiac muscle recognised?

A
  • Branching with gaps
  • Intercalated discs (hard af to see)
  • light striations
  • Largely (but not entirely) mononucleate.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are axial muscles?

A

Muscles that attach entirely to the trunk

e.g. rectus abdominis & intercostal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are appendicular msucles?

A

Muscles that attach partly or wholly to the limbs

e.g. deltoids, pectoralis & biceps brachii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do muscles atach to bones?

A

Via rounded tendons made from dense regular connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the origin of a muscle?

A

The proximal/superior/medial attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are insertions of a muscle?

A

The distal/inferior/lateral attachments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which end of a muscle is moving?

A

The insertions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What end of the muscle is stationary?

A

The origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

A smooth, flat & broad tendon.

E.g. the tendons of Obliques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

Attach bones to adjacent bones across joints to stabilize them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do muscles connect to joints?

A

They connect to the bones on either side by tendons on either side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Function/location

Biceps Brachii:

A

Biceps Brachii connects to the scapula (short & long head) & the radius.
It causes flexion of elbow & shoulder. Also effects supination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Function/Location

Brachioradialis:

A

Attaches to distal humerus & distal radius.
Causes elbow flexion
Also involved in pronation/supination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Location

Triceps Brachii:

A

Attaches to the scapula, proximal humerus & proximal radius.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are diaphragms?

A

Skeletal muscles that span the mid-sagittal plane (medial plane).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Whats special about a diaphragms tendon?

A

Its large & centrally located

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the thoracic diaphragm do?

A

Seperates the thorax &abdomen.

It increases thoracic volume during breathing. (dome shaped)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are antagonistic pairs?

A

2 muscles that combine to carry out a single function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Example of an antagonistic pair

A

Biceps Brachii & Triceps Brachii

biceps contracts & triceps relaxes to allow elbow flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is a synergist?
Synergists help perform the same motion as an agonist. They stabilize movement & contain it within safe/desired level.
26
What do fixator muscles do?
They fix a joint in place to allow another joint to move. e.g. roatator cuff muscles lock shoulder joint so biceps can contract to cause elbow flexion
27
What do stabilizing muslces do?
Stabilize a joint Often around shouler/hip e.g. rotator cuff muscles that stabilize the shoulder so it can move without dislocation
28
How are muscle compartments seperated?
Deep fascial intermuscular septa. | A lateral one between the humerus & lateral side and vice versa on the medial side.
29
How are muscles in a compartment innervated?
A common nerve innervates all the muscles in a compartment
30
What nerves supply all arm muscle compartments?
The brachial plexus (C5-T1 vertebrae)
31
What nerves supply all leg muscle compartments?
The lumbosacral plexus (T12-S4)
32
How is direction used in muscle naming?
Obliques are named because they arnt parallel or at 90degrees to any plane. Also rectus means straight musces (rectus abdominis)
33
How is location used in muscle naming?
E.g. Tibialis Posterior Tells us the bone (Tibia) & the location (to the back) Also converse muscles tell us thers usually an opposite. E.g. seratus anterior tells us theres probably a serratus posterior
34
What are the 8 areas used for msucel naming?
Location, Attachments, sphincter, action, shape, no of heads, size & direction.
35
How is size used for muscle naming?
- Major & minor - Minimus, Medius & maximus - Longus & Brevis
36
No. of heads in muscle naming
``` See triceps (3 heads) & biceps (2 head) In biceps they connect to scapula ```
37
Shape in muscle naming
"Teres" refers to rounded muscle. | E.g. Teres Major is a thick & rounded muscle connecting to the proximal humerus & inferior angle of scapula
38
Action in muscle naming?
Extensor, abductor, pronator etc | e.g. extensor digitorum in posterior forarm extends fingers.
39
Sphincter in muscle naming?
A sphincter tells us the muscles are arranged circularly & thickened. Generally involuntary smooth muslce but some voluntary skeletal (e.g. external snal & urinary sphincters)
40
Attachemnts in muscle naming?
E.g. Sternocleidomastoid muscle | Attaches to sternum, clavicle & mastoid process of temporal bone.
41
How do somatic nerves exit the spinal cord?
By ventral & dorsal roots. Ventral - Anterior & motor Dorsal - Posterior & sensory
42
What is the mixed spinal nerve?
When the dorsal & ventral roots converge after exiting the spinal cord
43
Where is the mixed spinal nerve?
In the intervertebral foramen
44
How do somatic nerves exit the mixed spinal nerve?
As a ventral (anterior) ramus & dorsal (psterior) ramus. | Both contianing sensory & motor nerves.
45
What does the ventral ramus spply?
The anterolateral sides of the trunk & limbs
46
What does the dorsal ramus supply?
The posterior side of the body & not the limbs
47
What kinds of tissue are supplied by rami?
Skeletal muscle Cartilage Bones Skin
48
What supplies the erector spinae?
The dorsal Ramus
49
What are the nerves supplying intercostal muscles & how are they numebred?
Intercostal nerves | Numbered by the rib above them
50
Whats different about the lower half of the intercostal nerves?
The lower 6 (T7-T12) also supply the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall.
51
What are cutaneous nerves?
Branches of nerves from the brachial and lumbosacral plexus' supplying the skin.
52
Whats a dermatome?
An area (strip) of skin supplied by cutaneuous branches of a single spinal nerve
53
Why is a dermatome smaller than the area supplied by its cutaneuous nerve?
Cutaneuous nerves contain fibres from multiple spinal nerves.
54
What is the efect of dermatomal overlap?
nerve fibres supplying adjacent dermatomes would have to fail to lose sensation & function in a dermatome
55
What spinal nerves from the segmental dermatomes of the trunk?
T1-T12 & L1 | They relate to the intercostal spaces & msulces
56
How is longitudinal sections of nerve fibres recognised?
- Wavy - lighter pink than surrounding tissue - Many purple nuclei
57
How are cross-sections of nerve fibres reconised?
- Nuclei of scwann cells at the edge of fibres (PNS) - endoneurium surrounding every fibres myelin sheaf - fascicles surrounded by perineurium
58
What is the main anterior rotator cuff muscle?
The subscapularis muscle
59
What is the rotator cuff muscle on top?
Supraspinatous Muscle
60
What is the roatator cuff muscles on the back/
Infraspinatous muscle | Much smaller & inferior teres minor muscles
61
What joints the humerus to the deep fascia?
The intermuscular septum (radial & medial)
62
What are the layers betwen the surface & the muscle compratmentS?
Skin, superfical fascia, deep fascia

Anatomy (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions