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Anatomy > Bones and Joints - Pre Practical Lecture COPY > Flashcards

Bones and Joints - Pre Practical Lecture COPY Flashcards

1
Q

Define epiphysis

A

The end part of a long bone

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2
Q

Define diaphysis

A

The central part of a long bone

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3
Q

Define metaphysis

A

The wide part of a long bone between the epiphysis and the narrow diaphysis. It contains the growth plate.

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4
Q

Define condyle

A

The smooth end of a bone that articulates (in a joint) with the condyle of an adjoining bone.

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5
Q

Deine epicondyle

A

A protuberance above or on the condyle of a long bone, allows for attachment to ligaments and muscles that act on the joint

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6
Q

What is a fossa?

A

A shallow depression

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7
Q

Define process?

A

Any projection or bump

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8
Q

Define Foramen?

A

Arperature

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9
Q

Define sulcus

A

A narrow groove

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10
Q

Define Tuberosity

A

A rough projection slightly bigger than a tubercule

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11
Q

Define tubercule

A

A small projection

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12
Q

Define spine

A

A pointed process

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13
Q

What cells are contained within bone marrow?

A

Adipose cells and Adipocytes

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14
Q

What is a suture?

A

Fibrous joint, Immovable joint, found in the skull, fuses after 20 years

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15
Q

What are gomphmoses?

A

Fibrous joint, Immovable joints, articulate the teeth with their sockets

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16
Q

What are syndemoses?

A

Fibrous joint, Slightly movable joints, held together by interroseous membrane,

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17
Q

What are the four types of bone?

A

Compact, spongy, epiphyseal growth plate (contains hyaline cartilage) Bone marrow

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18
Q

Describe primary cartilaginous (synchondroses) joint

A

Only Hyaline cartilage, immovable and temporary, (between epiphysis and diaphysis)

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19
Q

Describe a secondary cartilaginous (symphyses) joint

A

Contains fibrocartilage and Hyaline cartilage (midline of the body, intervertebral discs), doesn’t ossify with age

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20
Q

Define joint cavity in synovial joint

A

Space between articulating bones lined with synovial membrane

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21
Q

Define joint capsule

A

Surrounds joint cavity

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22
Q

Define synovial membrane

A

Secretes synovial fluid which lubricates and nourishes the joint

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23
Q

Define articular cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of the articulating bones, covered with synovial fluid

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24
Q

Describe the different types of synovial joint (there are 6)

A

Hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket, plane

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25
Q

What is flexion?

A

Decreasing the angle of a joint

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26
Q

What is extension?

A

Increasing the angle of a joint

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27
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

Decreasing the angle of the ankle joint

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28
Q

What is plantarflexion?

A

Increasing the angle of the ankle joint

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29
Q

What is elevation?

A

Moving part of the body in the superior direction

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30
Q

What is depression?

A

Moving part of the body in an inferior direction

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31
Q

What is eversion?

A

Rotating the ankle so that the soul of the foot points away from the other

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32
Q

What is inversion?

A

The opposite of eversion

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33
Q

What is abduction?

A

Moving a limb away from the medial line of the body

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34
Q

What is adduction?

A

The opposite of abduction

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35
Q

What is lateral rotation?

A

Rotating a limb away from the medial line of the body

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36
Q

What is medial rotation

A

The opposite of lateral roatation

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37
Q

What is pronation?

A

Rotating the forearm so that the palm is facing down if the forearm is flexed

38
Q

What is supination?

A

Palm up

39
Q

What is retraction?

A

Posterior movement of the arm at the shoulder

40
Q

What is protraction?

A

The opposite of retraction

41
Q

What is lateral flexion?

A

Bending the spine to the side away from the medial line.

42
Q

What is circumduction?

A

The combination of different movements around a joint

43
Q

What does joint stability depend on?

A

Muscles, tendons, the fibrous capsule, the shape of articulating surfaces of the bones

44
Q

What is the blood and nerve supply in joints like?

A

Rich

45
Q

Why do blood vessels branch and reconnect around a blood vessel?

A

Stops the compression of the blood vessels and the restriction of blood flow

46
Q

What sense are joints heavily influential in?

A

Proprioception

47
Q

What is Hilton’s law?

A

The nerve supplying a muscle that crosses a joint also innervates the joint

48
Q

Define superior?

A

Closer the the head

49
Q

Define inferior?

A

Closer to the feet

50
Q

Define anterior

A

Nearer to the front

51
Q

Define posterior

A

Nearer to the back

52
Q

Define medial

A

Nearer to the medial plane

53
Q

Define lateral

A

Further away from the medial plane

54
Q

Define proxiaml

A

Nearer to the trunk or point of origin

55
Q

Define distal

A

Further away from the trunk or point of origin

56
Q

Define superficial

A

Nearer to, or on the surface

57
Q

Define deep

A

Further away from the surface

58
Q

Define palmar

A

Nearer to or on the the palm of the hand

59
Q

Define plantar

A

Nearer to or on the soul of the foot

60
Q

Define dorsal

A

Nearer to or on the back of the body or structure

61
Q

Define Ventral

A

Nearer to or on the front of the body or structure

62
Q

Define cranial or Rostral

A

Nearer to the head

63
Q

Define caudal

A

Nearer to the feet

64
Q

Define ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body or structure

65
Q

Define contralateral?

A

On the opposite side of the body or structure

66
Q

What are the 5 body regions of the body?

A 
Head and neck
Upper limbs
Lower Limbs
Thorax
Abdominal cavity
67
Q

What are the 5 body cavities of the body?

A

Dorsal body cavity - Cranial and vertebral
Ventral body cavity - Thoracic (diaphragm separates)
Abdominal
Pelvic

68
Q

Which germ layer does nerve tissue arise from ?

A

Ectoderm

69
Q

Which germ layer gives origin to bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle?

A

Mesoderm

70
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the digestive tract and the lining of blood vessels?

A

Endoderm

71
Q

Other than the epiphyseal growth plate where else is hyaline cartilage found in long bone?

A

Articular cartilage on the articulating surfaces of long bone

72
Q

What tissue is found in the medullary cavity and what is its function?

A

Hematopoetic tissue - responsible for hematopoeisis

73
Q

What does the axial skeleton refer to?

A

Bones situated on the long axis of the body in the anatomical position

74
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton refer to?

A

Bones that are appended to the axial skeleton

75
Q

What are limb girdles?

A

They surround and support proximal ends of the limbs. Provide a point of attachment for the appendicular bones to the axial bones.

76
Q

Which two bones form the upper limb girdle

A

Scapula and the clavicle

77
Q

Which three bones from the lower limb girdle?

A

Pubis, ilium and ischium

78
Q

What is the function of compact bone?

A

Protection of cancellous bone - Structural support

79
Q

What is the function of spongy bone?

A

Shock absorbing
Structural support
Facilitates the movement of joints and limbs

80
Q

What is the function of the marrow cavity?

A

Production of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

81
Q

What is the function of the periosteum?

A

Attachment to tissue

Envelopes the bone except at the surface of joints

82
Q

Where is the metaphysis?

A

Between the epiphysis and the diaphysis

83
Q

Which tissue gives rise to appostitional bone growth?

A

The periosteum

84
Q

Which tissue gives rise to the interstitial growth of a bone?

A

The epiphyseal growth plate

85
Q

Give examples of the 5 types of bone

A 
Long - humerus
Irregular bones - vertebra and mandible
Flat - Skull and ribs
Short - carpal and tarsal
Sesamoid bone - patella
86
Q

What is the function of a condyle?

A

Articulates with other bone in a joint

87
Q

Which structures attach to the epicondyles and tuberosities?

A

Ligaments and tendons

88
Q

Which structure attaches to a spine?

A

Ligaments

89
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

When the embryological connective tissue membrane (mesenchyme) becomes replaced by bone.

Flat bones of the skull face and jaw and centre of clavivel

90
Q

What is endochronal ossification?

A

Hyaline cartilage model becomes replaced by bone.

Forms long bones in the boy

Anatomy (8 decks)

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