Practical class 2 muscles and nerves

Question 1

What are muscles called if they only attach to the trunnk

Answer 1

Axial muscles

Question 2

What are muscles called if they attach from the trunk to the limb muscles?

Answer 2

Appendicular muscles

Question 3

What kind of tissue are tendons?

Answer 3

Dense regular connective tissue

Question 4

What is the name given to the proximal/superior attachment of a muscle?

Answer 4

Origin

Question 5

What is the name given to the inferior/distal attachment of the muscle?

Answer 5

Insertion (usually the moving end of the muscle)

Question 6

What is the name given to the type of tendons of the abdominal oblique muscles?

Answer 6

Aponeurosis - flat thin and broad

Question 7

Which bicep muscle crosses three joints?

Answer 7

Biceps Brachii

Shoulder and elbow and Radioulna joint

Question 8

What are muscles called that span the medial sagital plane, from one side of the body to the other?

Answer 8

Diaphragm - tendon situated in the centre of the muscle

Question 9

What is the shape of the deltoid?

Answer 9

Triangular

Question 10

What is a pair of muscles combining in an antagonistic way to carry out a particular action on a joint called?

Answer 10

An antagonistic pair

Question 11

What is a synergist?

Answer 11

Muscle that performs the same set of movement as the agonist. Assists the movement of the joint. Stabilize movements and ensure movement falls within a safe range of motion.

Question 12

What is a fixator?

Answer 12

Stabilises the joint and prevents dislocation.

Question 13

What compartmentalises muscle?

Answer 13

Deep fascial intermuscular septa

Question 14

What are the characteristics of each compartment?

Answer 14

Common nerves supplying all the muscles in the compartment, common actions in all the muscles of the compartment.

Question 15

What supplies the muscles of the upper limb?

Answer 15

The brachial plexus - C5 - T1

Question 16

What supplies the muscles of the lower limbs?

Answer 16

The lumbosacral plexus - L1 - S4

Question 17

How many layers of oblique muscles exist on either side of the rectus abdominis?

Answer 17

3

Question 18

What direction do the fibres face in the three layers of oblique muscles

Answer 18

90 degrees to each other

Question 19

What does the word rectus mean?

Answer 19

Straight

Question 20

What is the function of the aponeurosis?

Answer 20

Takes the function of tendons in sheet like muscles.

Question 21

Why are the anterior muscle of the anterior abdominal wall flat?

Answer 21

Allows organ function
Keeps viscera in the abdominal cavity
Keeps the viscera in the anatomical position against the effects of gravity

Question 22

What does the word brevis mean?

Answer 22

Short

Question 23

Define multipennate

Answer 23

When fibres converge like barbs on feathers to several central tendons.

Question 24

What does the term teres mean?

Answer 24

Rounded

Question 25

Where do the muscle fibres of the diaphragm attach?

Answer 25

A 3 leafed central tendon and peripherally to bony structures

Question 26

What are the features of skeletal muscle?

Answer 26

``` Striations Multinucleate Peripheral nucleus Oval nucleus Z disks ```

Question 27

What are the features of smooth muscle?

Answer 27

Elongated nucleus No Z disks Single central nucleus

Question 28

What are the features of cardiac muscle?

Answer 28

``` Branched Shorter fibres Intercalated disks Z disks Striated Oval central nucleus ```

Question 29

Where is the mixed spinal nerve formed?

Answer 29

In the intervertebral foramen

Question 30

What does the ventral ramus supply?

Answer 30

Supplies the skin muscles and bone of the anterolateral sides of the trunk as well as the entire upper and lower limbs

Question 31

What does the dorsal ramus supply?

Answer 31

The posterior side of the trunk only

Question 32

Where do you find intercostal nerve 7?

Answer 32

Below the rib of the same number

Question 33

Which 6 intercostal nerves also supply the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?

Answer 33

T7-T12

Question 34

A cutaneous nerve can contain nerve fibres from how many spinal nerves?

Answer 34

Several

Question 35

What is a dermatome?

Answer 35

A strip of skin supplied by fibres coming from only one single spinal nerve.

Question 36

What joint occurs in the midline of the trunk at dermatome T2

Answer 36

The sternal angle

Question 37

What surface features of the body are found at dermatome T4?

Answer 37

Nipple

Question 38

What feature of the body marks the dermatome T10?

Answer 38

Umbilicus

Question 39

What region of the body is the dermatome L1 found?

Answer 39

The skin over the groin

Question 40

What is meant by a nerve plexus?

Answer 40

Nerves containing mixed fibres from more than one spinal nerve

Question 41

What is the endoneurium?

Answer 41

A layer of delicate connective tissue around the myelin sheath of each nerve fibre

Question 42

What is a fasicle?

Answer 42

A bundle of fibres

Question 43

What is the perineurium?

Answer 43

A protective sheath surrounding the fasicle

Question 44

What is the epineurium?

Answer 44

Another sheath, which surrounds multiple fasicles, each with their own blood supply and fatty tissue

Question 45

What is hiltons law?

Answer 45

The nerve supplying the muscle that crosses a joint and act at a joint, also innervate the joint A sensory nerve supplying the joint also supplies the skin overlying the joint.

Question 46

What is the endomysium?

Answer 46

A layer of aeriolar connective tissue that ensheaths each individual myocyte (muscle fibre). It contains capillaries and nerves

Question 47

What is the perimysium?

Answer 47

A sheath of connective tissue that bundles muscle fibres into fasicles

Question 48

What is the epimycium?

Answer 48

A fibrous tissue envelope that ensheathes the entire muscle and protects muscles from friction against other muscles and bones.