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Bones & Joints Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What parts make up the Sternum?

A
  • Manubrium, triangular bone making up the superior sternum
  • Body of the Sternum
  • Xiphisternum, (Xiphoid process) process at inferior end of sternum. T6 dermatome.
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2
Q

What joint is involved in the Sternum?

A

The Sternal angle or sternomanubrial joint.
Joint between the manubrium and sternal body
Located at T4 vertebral level.

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3
Q

What is the mastoid process?

A

The bony prominance behind the ear

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4
Q

Where do tendons & ligaments attach above the elbow joint?

A

To the lateral & medial epicondyles of the humerus.

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5
Q

What is the lump of the elbow called?

A

The olecranon process of the Ulna

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6
Q

Where is the summit of the illiac crest?

A

The intercristal plane.

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7
Q

What is the sharp prominance at the anterior end of the iliac crest called?

A

The anterior superior iliac spine

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8
Q

What is the pubic symphysis?

A

The secondary cartilaginous joint that joins hip bones anteriorly.

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9
Q

What is the bony prominence at the proximal end of the femur called?

A

The greater trochanter of the femur

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10
Q

What is the patella?

A

Knee-cap

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11
Q

What is the bony line of the shin called?

A

The anterior border of the Tibia

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12
Q

What are the medial & lateral malleolus?

A

Bony prominences at either side of the ankle.

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13
Q

What are the 3 embryonic layers?

A

The ectoderm,mesoderm & endoderm.

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14
Q

What embryonic layer gives rise to nerve tissue?

A

The ectoderm

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15
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

A

Bone, Cartilage & skeletal muscle

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16
Q

From where does skin arise?

A

The ectoderm (epidermis) and mesoderm (dermis)

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17
Q

From where does smooth muscle arise?

A

The Mesoderm & ectoderm.

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18
Q

How can hyaline cartilae be recognised?

A

Not very dense.

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19
Q

How do we recognise trabecular bone?

A
  • Marrow channels (possibly with adipose
    droplets)
  • Bony trabeculae partitions (pink)
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20
Q

How is cortical bone recognised?

A
  • Small dark lancunae

- circular osteons surrounding haversian canals

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21
Q

What does the epithyseal growth plate look like?

A

Hyaline cartilage (white without magnification)

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22
Q

Where are axial bones?

A

The long axis of the body/trunk

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23
Q

Where are appendicular bones?

A

In the limbs (i.e. appended to the axial skeleton)

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24
Q

What do limb girdles do?

A

They surround & support the proximal ends of the limb

They provide a point of attachment for appendicular boens

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25
What bones make up the lower limb girdles?
The ischium, Illium and Pubis (together they make up the hip bone)
26
What bones make up the upper limb girdles?
The scapula & clavicle
27
What is the function of compact bone?
Support, protection & element storage
28
What is the function of Diploe bone?
To provide flexibility & RBC production (contains red marrow)
29
What is the function of the marrow cavity?
Fat storage as adipose tissue & blood cell production.
30
Whats the periosteum?
The connective tissue covering around the outer cortical bone (except at joints)
31
Whats the function of the periosteum?
It anchors ligaments & muscles. | Contains osteoblasts & osteoclasts for bone turnover
32
What is the endosteum?
The connective tissue covering lining the medullary cavity
33
What covers articulated joints?
Articular (hyaline) cartilage
34
What is appositional growth?
Growth is thickness & width of bone by adding new tissue from the periosteum
35
What is interstitial growth?
Growth in bone lenth by adding tissue at the epithyseal growth plates
36
What are the 6 types of bone?
FILSSS - flat - irregular - long - short - sesamoid - sutural
37
What bones are flat?
SKull & rib bones
38
What boens are irregular?
Vertebrae & mandible
39
Examles of short bones?
Carple & tarsal bones
40
Examples of sesamoid bones?
Patella
41
Function of sesamoid bones?
Diminish friction & alter direction of muscle pull. (therefore usually associated with joints)
42
Examples of long bones?
Humerus & femur
43
What are sutural bones?
Small bones within the sutural joints of the skull.
44
Where are condyles & what is their function?
The distal end of the humerus | They form aticulated joints with other radius & ulna
45
What makes up the condyle of the humerus?
- A capitellum (process) to form humeroradial joint. | - A trochlea (groove) to form humeroulnar joint.
46
What is the head of the humerus?
The swelling at the proximal end for the glenohumeral joint
47
What is the anatomical neck of the humerus?
The constriction relative tot he head of the humerus
48
What is the humerus' surgical neck?
Constriction below the tuberosities of the humerus,
49
What is a tuberosity?
Rough prominences for attaching ligaments & muscles
50
How do vertebrae connect?
By 4 articular facets forming synovial plane joints
51
What is the transverse process of the vertebrae?
Bony tissue laid down around pre-existing nerves & blood vessels to form a bony foramen.
52
What is contained in the lateral angle of the scapula?
The glenoid fossa (shallow depression)
53
What are foramina?
Tiny holes in bone that channel blood vessels & nerves.
54
What bones are formed by intramembranous ossification?
Flat bones of skul, face, jaw & clavicle centre
55
What bones are formed by endochondral ossification?
Forms most body bones (notably long bones)
56
Name the 6 synovial joints:
``` Condylar Plane Pivot Ball & socket hinge Saddle (PPBCHS) ```
57
Example of plane joints?
Acromioclavicular | Vertebral facets
58
Example of hinge joints?
Elbows & Knees and interphalangeal
59
Example of pivot joints?
Both radioulnar joints and C1-C2
60
Example of saddle joints?
Carpometacarpal joint of thumb
61
Example of ball & socket joints?
Shoulder/hips
62
Examples of condylar joints?
(ellipsoid) such as wrist, metacarpophalangeal joints, 2-5th carpometacarpal joints C1-skull (atlantooccipital)
63
Function of condylar joints?
Allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction & circumduction.
64
What do all synovial joints contain?
An outer fibrous capsule An inner synovial membrane A synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid Articular Cartilage
65
What other structures can synovial joints contain?
- Bursae, fluid filled sacs - Ligaments - Synovial discs
66
What are fibrous joints?
Joints made from fibrous connective tissue | Allow sligt movement in chidhood
67
What are primary cartilaginous joints?
Synchondroses Only uses hyaline cartilage Epytheseal growth plate & 1st sternocostal joint
68
What are secondary cartilaginous joints?
Symphyses Uses hylaine & fibrous cartilage Always found in midline
69
What is anatomical variation?
Deviations within the range of whats normal
70
What is an anatomical anomaly?
A deviation outside what is considered the normal range
71
What is the joint of the teeth called?
The gumphosis. (Dental Alveolar joint)
72
What are the 5 main arteries of the upper arm? (in descending order) and their locations
``` Subclavian (under the clavicle) Axillary (across scapula & glenohumeral joint) Brachial (humerus) Radial (radius) Ulnar (Ulna) ```
73
Which is which fibia/tibula?
Fibia is small, lateral | Tibia is large, medial, anterior border is the shin
74
What joint involves the xiphisternum & where it is?
The xiphisternal joint Xiphisternum and Sternum body T9
75
Wheres the epyphyses?
The ends of longs bones after the epytheseal growth plate
76
Wheres the metaphysis?
The secion of a long bone between epyphesis & Diaphysis, containing the epythseal growth plate
77
wheres the diaphysis?
Shaft of a long bone, containing medullary cavity
78
What is the heel bone called?
Calcaneous
79
What are the nuckles called?
Metacarpophalangeal joints
80
What type of joint are knuckles?
Condyler
81
What is joint called in the palm between carpal & metacarpal?
Carpometacarpal joint
82
Whats the carpometacarpal joint?
1st (thumb) is saddle | 2nd-5th (fingers) are condyler
83
What are the interphalangeal joints?
Hinge synovial
84
How does the humeral condyle feel?
Smooth
85
How do you tell a Radius?
Weird little circular bit on the end
86
How can you tell an ulna?
Spoonlike motherfucker
87
What is the notch at the proximal end o the ulna?
- Radial Notch | - For The head of the radius
88
What is the process of the Axis called?
Odontoid Process
89
What kind of joint is the atlanto-axial joint?
Pivot Joint
90
What kind of the joint is the aTlantooccipital joint
Condyler

Anatomy (8 decks)

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