Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

The musculoskeletal system includes the bones, muscles, and joints

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Functions of Bones

Answer 2

• > Provides the framework on which body is constructed
• > provides protection & supports internal organs
• > Point of attachment for muscles (aids in movement)
• The inner core of bones is composed of hematopoietic tissue (red bone marrow, manufactures blood cells)
• Outer parts of bones are storage areas for minerals necessary for growth (calcium and phosphorus)

Question 3

Joints

Answer 3

places where bones come together

Question 4

Muscle

Answer 4

• > Whether attached to bones or to internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement.
• > Internal movement involves the contraction and relaxation of muscles found in viscera, and external movement is accomplished by the contraction and relaxation of muscles that are attached to the bones.
• > Tendons are connective tissue that bind muscles to bones, while ligaments bind bones to other bones.

Question 5

Orthopedists

Answer 5

physicians who treat (surgically and medically) bone, joint, and muscle conditions

Question 6

Rheumatologist

Answer 6

a physician (nonsurgical) who specialize primarily in joint problems

Question 7

physiatrists

Answer 7

medial doctors whose focus is on rehabilitation after injury or illness to muscles, bones, and nerves

Question 8

Bone head

Answer 8

-> process

rounded end of a bone

Question 9

Condyle

Answer 9

-> process

rounded knuckle-like process, at the end of a bone

Question 10

Epicondyle

Answer 10

-> process

small rounded process above the condyle

Question 11

Trochanters

Answer 11

-> process

large and small processes for tendon attachments on the femur

Question 12

Tuberosity (Tubercle)

Answer 12

-> process

round elevation where tendons and muscles attach on the humerus, calcaneus (heel bone), and pelvis

Question 13

Fissure

Answer 13

• > Depression
• narrow groove or slit-like opening
• orbital (eye socket) fissure

Question 14

Foramen

Answer 14

• > Depression
• opening for blood vessels and nerves
• foramen magnum of the skull

Question 15

Fossa

Answer 15

• > Depression
• shallow cavity in or on a bone
• olecranon (elbow) fossa on humerus

Question 16

Sinus

Answer 16

• > depression
• hollow cavity within bone
• sinuses of the skull

Question 17

frontal bone

Answer 17

forms the forehead and the roof of the bony sockets that contain the eyes

Question 18

Parietal bone

Answer 18

the 2 bones (one on each side of the skull) that form the roof and upper part of the sides of the cranium

Question 19

Temporal bone

Answer 19

• the 2 bones that form the lower sides and base of the cranium.
• each bone encloses an ear and contains a fossa for joining with the mandible (lower jawbone)
• Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the area of connection between the temporal and mandibular bones
• Mastoid process: a round process of the temporal bone behind the ear
• Styloid process: projects downward from the temporal bone

Question 20

Occipital bone

Answer 20

forms the back and base of the skull and joins the parietal and temporal bones, forming a suture
-the inferior portion of this has an opening called the foramen magnum through which the spinal cord passes

Question 21

Sphenoid bone

Answer 21

• bat-shaped bone that extends behind the eyes and forms part of the base of the skull
• joins with the frontal, occipital, and ethmoid bones– serves as an anchor to hold those skull bone together
• Sella Turcica: a depression in the sphenoid bone in which the pituitary gland is located

Question 22

ethmoid bone

Answer 22

the thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and forms part of the sockets of the eyes
-composed primarily of spongy bone

Question 23

Lacrimal bones

Answer 23

corners of each eye

Question 24

Mandible

Answer 24

lower jawbone

Question 25

maxillae

Answer 25

upper jawbones

Question 26

nasal bones

Answer 26

bridge and septum of nose

Question 27

vomer

Answer 27

nasal septum (thin, flat bone)

Question 28

zygomatic bones

Answer 28

cheek bones

Question 29

flexion

Answer 29

decreasing the angle between 2 bones; bending a limb

Question 30

extension

Answer 30

increasing the angle between 2 bones; straightening out a limb

Question 31

abduction

Answer 31

movement away from the midline of the body

Question 32

adduction

Answer 32

movement toward the midline of the body

Question 33

rotation

Answer 33

Circular movement around an axis (central point). Internal rotation is toward the center of the body and external rotation is away from the center of the body.

Question 34

dorsiflexion

Answer 34

Decreasing the angle of the ankle joint so that the foot moves upward, toward the knee or ceiling. This is the opposite movement of stepping on the gas pedal when driving a car.

Question 35

plantar flexion

Answer 35

Motion that moves the foot downward toward the ground as when pointing the toes or stepping on the gas pedal. Plant/o means sole of the foot.

Question 36

supination

Answer 36

As applied to the hand and forearm, where the elbow is bent, the act of turning the palm up. As applied to the foot, it is outward roll of the foot/ankle during normal motion. -palm faces up

Question 37

pronation

Answer 37

As applied to the hand and forearm, where the elbow is bent, the act of turning the palm down. As applied to the foot, it is inward roll of the foot/ankle during normal motion. -palm faces down

Question 38

Antinuclear antibody test (ANA)

Answer 38

detects an antibody often present in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases

Question 39

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

Answer 39

Measures time it takes for erythrocytes to settle to the bottom of a test tube

Question 40

rheumatoid factor test (RF)

Answer 40

Serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in many patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Question 41

serum calcium (Ca)

Answer 41

Measurement of calcium level in serum

Question 42

serum creatine kinase (CK)

Answer 42

Measurement of the enzyme creatine kinase in serum. | -increased levels occur in muscular dystrophy, polymyositis, and rhabdomyolysis with traumatic injuries

Question 43

uric acid test

Answer 43

measurement of uric acid in serum

Question 44

arthrocentesis

Answer 44

Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space.

Question 45

arthrography

Answer 45

taking x-ray images after injection of contrast material into a joint

Question 46

arthroplasty

Answer 46

surgical repair or replacement of a joint

Question 47

arthroscopy

Answer 47

visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope, which projects an image on a video monitor

Question 48

bone density test (bone densitometry)

Answer 48

low energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass

Question 49

bone scan

Answer 49

uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone

Question 50

computed tomography (CT)

Answer 50

Xray beam and computer show cross-sectional and other images of body tissue

Question 51

discography

Answer 51

X-ray examination of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disc after injection of contrast into nucleus pulposus (interior of the disc).

Question 52

electromyography (EMG)

Answer 52

recording the electrical activity of muscle tissue

Question 53

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer 53

strong magnetic field and advanced computing technology are used to create high-resolution images of soft tissues inside the body