Musculoskeletal System: Pathology

Question 1

Ewing sarcoma

Answer 1

-Bones
Rare malignant tumor arising in bone; most often occuring in children.
-pain and swelling common
-usually occurs between ages 5 and 15

Question 2

Exostosis

Answer 2

-Bones
Bony growth (benign) arising from the surface of bone. An extra growth of bone that extends outward from an existing bone.
-osteochondromas
-bunion

Question 3

Fracture

Answer 3

-Bone
Traumatic breaking of a bone.
-Simple (closed) fracture, the bone is broken but there is no open wound in the skin

-Compound (open) fracture: the bone is broken and a fragment of bone protrudes through an open wound in the skin

• Treatment:
• Reduction: restoration of the bone to its normal position
• Closed reduction: is manipulative reduction without a surgical incision
• Open reduction: an incision is made for access to the fracture site
• cast

Question 4

Fracture healing occurs in 4 stages

Answer 4

1. Hematoma formation- blood from the fracture site
2. soft callus formation- blood hematoma become soft callus (cartilage)
3. Hard callus formation- soft callus become hard callus (cartilage)
4. Bone formation- hard callus becomes bone

Question 5

Osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma)

Answer 5

-Bone
Malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts, found primarily in children and adolescents
-half of the lesions are located just below or just above the knee
-metastasis (spread of tumor) takes place through the bloodstream, often affecting lungs
-surgical resection followed by chemo improves survival

*malignant tumors from other parts of the body that metastasize to bones are metastatic bone lesions

Question 6

Osteomalacia

Answer 6

-Bone
Softening of bone, with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in the bone
-primarily occurs in children and known as Rickets
-vitamin D deficient

Question 7

Osteomyelitis

Answer 7

-Bone
Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection
-Bacteria enter the body through a wound and infect the bone

Question 8

Osteoporosis

Answer 8

-Bone
Decrease in bone density (mass); thinning and weakening of bone
-Osteopenia is a condition in which bone mineral density is lower than normal. In some cases it is a precursor to osteoporosis

Question 9

Talipes

Answer 9

-Bone
Congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus)
-The most common form is Talipes Equinovarus or clubfoot. The infant cannot stand with the sole of the foot flat on the ground

Question 10

Prevention of osteoporosis

Answer 10

• Balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D
• Weight-bearing and resistance exercise
• Reduction of smoking and alcohol intake
• Checking bone mineral density (BMD) with a DEXA test.
• Medications when appropriate—such as bisphosphonates (Fosamax, Boniva) and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs—Raloxifene, Evista) and hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

Question 11

Arthritis

Answer 11

-Joints
inflammation of any joint
-Common forms of arthritis are:
1. ankylosing spondylitis
2. Gouty arthritis (gout)
3. Osteoarthritis
4. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Question 12

1. ankylosing spondylitis

Answer 12

-Joints
Chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine
-bilateral sclerosis (hardening) of the sacroiliac joints is a diagnostic sign

Question 13

2. Gouty arthritis (gout)

Answer 13

-Joints
Inflammation and painful swelling in and around joints caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals.
-uric acid accumulates in blood (hyperuricemia). this excess can lead to the formation of uric acid crystals causing inflammatory reaction that results in extreme pain with rapid deterioration of articular cartilage
-joint chiefly affected is the big toe

Question 14

3. Osteoarthritis (OA)

Answer 14

-Joints
Progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces
-also known as degenerative joint disease
-mainly occurs in spine, hips, and knees of old people
-marked by narrowing of the joint space (due to loss of cartilage)

Question 15

4. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Answer 15

-Joints
Chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane
-synovial membranes become inflamed and thickened, damaging the articular cartilage and preventing easy movement
-sometimes fibrous tissue forms and calcifies, creating a bony ankylosis at the joint and preventing movement

Question 16

Bunion

Answer 16

-Joints
Enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe (metatarsophalangeal joint)
-

Question 17

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

Answer 17

-Joints

Compression of the median nerve as it passes between the transverse ligament, and bones and tendons of the wrist

Question 18

Dislocation

Answer 18

-Joint
Displacement of a bone from its joint
-subluxation: a partial or incomplete dislocation

Question 19

Ganglion cyst

Answer 19

-Joints
Fluid-filled sac arising from joint capsules or tendons
-most common in wrist but can be seen in hand, shoulder, knee, hip, or ankle

Question 20

herniation of an intervertebral disc

Answer 20

-Joints
Abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disc into the spinal canal or spinal nerves
-“slipped disc”
-sciatica results in

Question 21

Lyme Disease (Lyme arthritis)

Answer 21

-Joints
Chronic, recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia and malaise; cause is a bacterium carried by a tick
-marked by “bulls eye” rash

Question 22

Sprain

Answer 22

-Joints

Injury, often the result of trauma, involving overstretching of the ligaments around a joint

Question 23

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Answer 23

-Joints
Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, CNS, heart, lungs
-affects connective tissue (collagen) in tendons, ligaments, bones and cartilage all over body
-red, scaly rash over nose and cheek (“butterfly rash”)
-autoimmune disease
-Patients, usually women, experience joint pain in several joints (polyarthralgia), pyrexia (fever), kidney inflammation, and malaise

Question 24

Muscular dystrophy

Answer 24

-Muscles
Group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvement of the nervous system
-Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common form
-muscles appear to enlarge (pseudohypertrophy) as fat replaces functional muscle cells that have degenerated and atrophied
-predominantly affects males : muscle weakness produces stumbling, falling, lordosis, winged (prominent) scapulae, cardiac problems

Question 25

polymyositis

Answer 25

-muscles
Chronic inflammatory myopathy
-marked by symmetric muscle weakness and pain, often accompanied by a rash around the eyes and on the face and limbs