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HAN 312 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell membrane

A

not only surrounds and protects the cell but also regulates what passes into and out of the cell.

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2
Q

nucleus

A

controls the operations of the cell. It directs cell division and determines the structure and function of the cell.

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3
Q

chromosomes

A

are rod-like structures within the nucleus. All human body cells— except for the sex cells, the egg and the sperm (short for spermatozoon)—contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. Each sperm and each egg cell have only 23 unpaired chromosomes. After an egg and a sperm cell unite to form the embryo, each cell of the embryo then has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

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4
Q

chromosomes

A
  • contain genes.
  • each gene contains DNA.
  • DNA regulates the activities of the cell according to its sequence on each chromosome
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5
Q

karyotype

A

a photo of a persons chromosomes, arranged by size, shape, and number

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6
Q

amniocentesis

A

puncture of the sac around the fetus for removal of fluid and cells
-> for pregnant woman so that the karyotype of the baby can be examined

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7
Q

chromosomal abnormalities

A

Down syndrome (also called trisomy 21 syndrome): 47 chromosomes instead of 46

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8
Q

catabolism

A

complex foods such as sugar and fat are broken down into simpler substances and energy is released by the mitochondria

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9
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

cellular tunnel systems that manufacture proteins for the cell. attatched to the ER are ribosomes (long chains of protein)

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10
Q

anabolism

A

occuring on the ER is the process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids

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11
Q

together anabolism and catabolism make up the cell’s metabolism

A

true

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12
Q

metabolism

A

the total of the chemical processes occuring in a cell

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13
Q

anabolic steroids

A

similar to androgens (male hormones) in their effects on the body. they build up protein within cells

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14
Q

histologist

A

scientist who specializes in the study of tissues

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15
Q

epithelial tissue

A

Located all over the body, forms linings of internal organs, and the outer surface of the skin covering the body.

also lines exocrine and endocrine glands and is responsible for the secretions that the glands produce

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16
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Voluntary muscle is found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control. Involuntary muscle, found in the heart and digestive system, as well as other organs, allows movement that is not under conscious control.

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17
Q

connective tissue

A

adipose (fat) tissue, cartilage (elastic, fibrous tissue attached to bones), bone, and blood

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18
Q

internal organs

A

viscera

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19
Q

digestive system

A

Mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus (tube from the throat to the stomach), stomach, intestines (small and large), liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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20
Q

urinary or excretory

A

Kidneys, ureters (tubes from the kidneys to the urinary bladder), urinary bladder, urethra (tube from the bladder to the outside of the body)

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21
Q

respiratory

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes, lungs (where the exchange of gases takes place)

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22
Q

reproductive

A

Female : Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus (womb), vagina, mammary glands

Male : Testes and associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate gland

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23
Q

endocrine

A

Thyroid gland (in the neck), pituitary gland (at the base of the brain), sex glands (ovaries and testes), adrenal glands, pancreas (islets of Langerhans), parathyroid glands

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24
Q

nervous

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, collection of nerves

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25
Q

circulatory

A

Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland

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26
Q

musculoskeletal

A

muscles, bones, joints

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27
Q

skin and sense organs

A

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands; eye, ear, nose, and tongue

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28
Q

larynx

A

voice box; located above the trachea

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29
Q

pharynx

A

throat

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30
Q

pituitary gland

A

endocrine gland at the base of the brain

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31
Q

pleural cavity

A

space surrounding each lung. the pleura is a double membrane that surrounds the lungs and protects them. if the pleura is inflamed (as in pleuritis or pleurisy), the pleural cavity may fill with fluid. this is called pleural effusion

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32
Q

mediastinum

A

centrally located space outside of and between the lungs. it contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes

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33
Q

peritoneum

A

the double folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity. it attaches the abdominal organs to the abdominal muscles and surrounds each organ to hold it in place

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34
Q

diaphragm

A

divides the abdominal and thoracic cavities

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35
Q

the cranial and spinal cavities are the dorsal body cavities because of their location on the back or posterior portion of the body

A

true

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36
Q

the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities are ventral (ventr/o=belly) body cavities because they are on the front (anterior) portion of the body

A

true

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37
Q

dorsal (posterior)

A

pertaining to the back

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38
Q

ventral (anterior)

A

pertaining to the front

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39
Q

a collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity is called ascites

A

true

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40
Q

right hypochondriac region

A

right upper region below (-hypo) the cartilage (chondr/o) of the ribs that extend over the abdomen

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41
Q

Left hypochondriac region

A

left upper region below the rib cartilage

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42
Q

epigastric region

A

region above the stomach

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43
Q

right lumbar region

A

right middle region near the waist

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44
Q

left lumbar region

A

left middle region near the waist

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45
Q

umbilical region

A

region of the navel or umbilicus

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46
Q

right inguinal region

A

right lower region near the groin (inguin/o=groin), which is the area where the legs join the trunk of the body. this region is also known as the right iliac region because it lies near the ilium (the upper portion of the hip bone)

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47
Q

left inguinal region

A

left lower region near the groin. also called the left iliac region

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48
Q

hypogastric region

A

middle lower region below the umbilical region

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49
Q

right upper quadrant (RUQ)

A

contains the liver (right lobe), gallbladder, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines

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50
Q

left upper quadrant (LUQ)

A

contains the liver (left lobe), stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines

51
Q

right lower quadrant

A

contains parts of the small and large intestines, right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter

52
Q

left lower quadrant

A

contains parts of the small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter

53
Q

hypochondriac

A

right and left upper regions beneath the ribs

54
Q

epigastric

A

middle upper region above the stomach

55
Q

lumbar

A

right and left middle regions near the waist

56
Q

umbilical

A

central region near the navel

57
Q

inguinal

A

right and left lower regions near the groin. also called iliac regions

58
Q

hypogastric

A

middle lower region below the umbilical region

59
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

front side of the body. ex: the forehead is on the anterior side of the body

60
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

back side of the body. Example: The back of the head is posterior (dorsal) to the face.

61
Q

deep

A

away from the surface

62
Q

superficial

A

on the surface. Example: Superficial veins can be viewed through the skin.

63
Q

proximal

A

Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure. Example: The proximal end of the thigh bone (femur) joins with the hip socket.

64
Q

distal

A

Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure. Example: At its distal end, the femur joins with the knee.

65
Q

inferior

A

below another structure

66
Q

superior

A

above another structure

67
Q

medial

A

Pertaining to the middle, or nearer the medial plane of the body.

68
Q

lateral

A

pertaining to the side

69
Q

supine

A

lying on the back

70
Q

prone

A

lying on the belly

71
Q

frontal (coronal) plane

A

vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions.

72
Q

sagittal (lateral) plane

A

lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides. the midsagittal plane divides the body into right and left halves

73
Q

transverse (axial) plane

A

horizontal (cross-sectional) plane running across the body parallel to the ground

74
Q

lateral

A

pertaining to the side

75
Q

abdomin/o

A

meaning: abdomen
term: abdominal

76
Q

adip/o

A

meaning: fat
term: adipose. The suffix -OSE means pertaining to or full of. another combining form meaning fat is: lip/o. lipids are fats

77
Q

anter/o

A

meaning: front
term: anterior. the suffix -IOR means pertaining to

78
Q

cervic/o

A

meaning: neck (of the body or of the uterus)
term: cervical. the cervix is the neck of the uterus

79
Q

chondr/o

A

meaning: cartilage (type of connective tissue)

term:
- chondroma. this is a benign tumor.

-chondrosarcoma.this is a malignant tumor. the root sarc indicates that the malignant tumor arises from a type of flesh or connective tissue

80
Q

chrom/o

A

meaning: color
term: chromosomes. suffix -SOMES means bodies. literally means bodies of color

81
Q

coccyg/o

A

meaning: coccyx (tailbone)

82
Q

crani/o

A

meaning: skull
term: craniotomy

83
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

84
Q

dist/o

A

far, distant

-> distal

85
Q

dors/o

A

back portion of the body

-> dorsal

86
Q

hist/o

A

tissue

->histology

87
Q

ili/o

A

ilium (upper part of the hip bone)

->iliac

88
Q

inguin/o

A

groin

-> inguinal

89
Q

kary/o

A

nucleus

-> karyotype. the suffix -TYPE means classification or picture

90
Q

later/o

A

side

91
Q

lumb/o

A

lower back

92
Q

medi/o

A

middle

93
Q

nucle/o

A

nucleus

94
Q

pelv/i

A

pelvis

95
Q

pharyng/o

A

pharynx (throat)

96
Q

poster/o

A

back, behind

97
Q

proxim/o

A

nearest

98
Q

sacr/o

A

sacrum

99
Q

sarc/o

A

flesh

->sarcoma

100
Q

spin/o

A

spine, backbone

101
Q

thel/o, theli/o

A

nipple

102
Q

thorac/o

A

chest

103
Q

trache/o

A

trachea, windpipe

104
Q

umbilic/o

A

navel, umbilicus

105
Q

ventr/o

A

belly side of the body

106
Q

viscer/o

A

internal organs

107
Q

The female pelvis is wider and more massive than the male pelvis. The female pelvic opening is a larger, rounded, oval shape, whereas the male pelvic opening is deep, narrow, and funnel- or heart-shaped.

A

true

108
Q

prefixes:

-ana

A

up

-> anabolism

109
Q

prefixes:

-cata

A

down

-> catabolism

110
Q

prefixes:

-epi

A

above

->epinephrine. the suffix -INE means a substance

111
Q

prefixes:

-hypo

A

below

112
Q

prefixes:

-inter

A

between

->intervertebral disc

113
Q

prefixes:

-intra

A

within

->intravenous

114
Q

prefixes:

-meta

A

change

->metabolism

115
Q

Suffix:

-eal

A

pertaining to

116
Q

Suffix:

-ose

A

pertaining to, full of

117
Q

Suffix:

-iac

A

pertaining to

118
Q

Suffix:

-plasm

A

formation

119
Q

Suffix:

-ior

A

pertaining to

120
Q

Suffix:

-somes

A

bodies

121
Q

Suffix:

-ism

A

process, condition

122
Q

Suffix:

-type

A

picture, classification

123
Q

epinephrine and adreline

A

same substance, different names

HAN 312 (21 decks)

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