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HAN 312 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell membrane

A

not only surrounds and protects the cell but also regulates what passes into and out of the cell.

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2
Q

nucleus

A

controls the operations of the cell. It directs cell division and determines the structure and function of the cell.

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3
Q

chromosomes

A

are rod-like structures within the nucleus. All human body cells— except for the sex cells, the egg and the sperm (short for spermatozoon)—contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. Each sperm and each egg cell have only 23 unpaired chromosomes. After an egg and a sperm cell unite to form the embryo, each cell of the embryo then has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

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4
Q

chromosomes

A
  • contain genes.
  • each gene contains DNA.
  • DNA regulates the activities of the cell according to its sequence on each chromosome
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5
Q

karyotype

A

a photo of a persons chromosomes, arranged by size, shape, and number

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6
Q

amniocentesis

A

puncture of the sac around the fetus for removal of fluid and cells
-> for pregnant woman so that the karyotype of the baby can be examined

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7
Q

chromosomal abnormalities

A

Down syndrome (also called trisomy 21 syndrome): 47 chromosomes instead of 46

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8
Q

catabolism

A

complex foods such as sugar and fat are broken down into simpler substances and energy is released by the mitochondria

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9
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

cellular tunnel systems that manufacture proteins for the cell. attatched to the ER are ribosomes (long chains of protein)

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10
Q

anabolism

A

occuring on the ER is the process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids

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11
Q

together anabolism and catabolism make up the cell’s metabolism

A

true

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12
Q

metabolism

A

the total of the chemical processes occuring in a cell

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13
Q

anabolic steroids

A

similar to androgens (male hormones) in their effects on the body. they build up protein within cells

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14
Q

histologist

A

scientist who specializes in the study of tissues

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15
Q

epithelial tissue

A

Located all over the body, forms linings of internal organs, and the outer surface of the skin covering the body.

also lines exocrine and endocrine glands and is responsible for the secretions that the glands produce

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16
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Voluntary muscle is found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control. Involuntary muscle, found in the heart and digestive system, as well as other organs, allows movement that is not under conscious control.

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17
Q

connective tissue

A

adipose (fat) tissue, cartilage (elastic, fibrous tissue attached to bones), bone, and blood

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18
Q

internal organs

A

viscera

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19
Q

digestive system

A

Mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus (tube from the throat to the stomach), stomach, intestines (small and large), liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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20
Q

urinary or excretory

A

Kidneys, ureters (tubes from the kidneys to the urinary bladder), urinary bladder, urethra (tube from the bladder to the outside of the body)

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21
Q

respiratory

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes, lungs (where the exchange of gases takes place)

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22
Q

reproductive

A

Female : Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus (womb), vagina, mammary glands

Male : Testes and associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate gland

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23
Q

endocrine

A

Thyroid gland (in the neck), pituitary gland (at the base of the brain), sex glands (ovaries and testes), adrenal glands, pancreas (islets of Langerhans), parathyroid glands

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24
Q

nervous

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, collection of nerves

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25
circulatory
Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland
26
musculoskeletal
muscles, bones, joints
27
skin and sense organs
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands; eye, ear, nose, and tongue
28
larynx
voice box; located above the trachea
29
pharynx
throat
30
pituitary gland
endocrine gland at the base of the brain
31
pleural cavity
space surrounding each lung. the pleura is a double membrane that surrounds the lungs and protects them. if the pleura is inflamed (as in pleuritis or pleurisy), the pleural cavity may fill with fluid. this is called pleural effusion
32
mediastinum
centrally located space outside of and between the lungs. it contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes
33
peritoneum
the double folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity. it attaches the abdominal organs to the abdominal muscles and surrounds each organ to hold it in place
34
diaphragm
divides the abdominal and thoracic cavities
35
the cranial and spinal cavities are the dorsal body cavities because of their location on the back or posterior portion of the body
true
36
the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities are ventral (ventr/o=belly) body cavities because they are on the front (anterior) portion of the body
true
37
dorsal (posterior)
pertaining to the back
38
ventral (anterior)
pertaining to the front
39
a collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity is called ascites
true
40
right hypochondriac region
right upper region below (-hypo) the cartilage (chondr/o) of the ribs that extend over the abdomen
41
Left hypochondriac region
left upper region below the rib cartilage
42
epigastric region
region above the stomach
43
right lumbar region
right middle region near the waist
44
left lumbar region
left middle region near the waist
45
umbilical region
region of the navel or umbilicus
46
right inguinal region
right lower region near the groin (inguin/o=groin), which is the area where the legs join the trunk of the body. this region is also known as the right iliac region because it lies near the ilium (the upper portion of the hip bone)
47
left inguinal region
left lower region near the groin. also called the left iliac region
48
hypogastric region
middle lower region below the umbilical region
49
right upper quadrant (RUQ)
contains the liver (right lobe), gallbladder, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines
50
left upper quadrant (LUQ)
contains the liver (left lobe), stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines
51
right lower quadrant
contains parts of the small and large intestines, right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter
52
left lower quadrant
contains parts of the small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter
53
hypochondriac
right and left upper regions beneath the ribs
54
epigastric
middle upper region above the stomach
55
lumbar
right and left middle regions near the waist
56
umbilical
central region near the navel
57
inguinal
right and left lower regions near the groin. also called iliac regions
58
hypogastric
middle lower region below the umbilical region
59
anterior (ventral)
front side of the body. ex: the forehead is on the anterior side of the body
60
posterior (dorsal)
back side of the body. Example: The back of the head is posterior (dorsal) to the face.
61
deep
away from the surface
62
superficial
on the surface. Example: Superficial veins can be viewed through the skin.
63
proximal
Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure. Example: The proximal end of the thigh bone (femur) joins with the hip socket.
64
distal
Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure. Example: At its distal end, the femur joins with the knee.
65
inferior
below another structure
66
superior
above another structure
67
medial
Pertaining to the middle, or nearer the medial plane of the body.
68
lateral
pertaining to the side
69
supine
lying on the back
70
prone
lying on the belly
71
frontal (coronal) plane
vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions.
72
sagittal (lateral) plane
lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides. the midsagittal plane divides the body into right and left halves
73
transverse (axial) plane
horizontal (cross-sectional) plane running across the body parallel to the ground
74
lateral
pertaining to the side
75
abdomin/o
meaning: abdomen term: abdominal
76
adip/o
meaning: fat term: adipose. The suffix -OSE means pertaining to or full of. another combining form meaning fat is: lip/o. lipids are fats
77
anter/o
meaning: front term: anterior. the suffix -IOR means pertaining to
78
cervic/o
meaning: neck (of the body or of the uterus) term: cervical. the cervix is the neck of the uterus
79
chondr/o
meaning: cartilage (type of connective tissue) term: - chondroma. this is a benign tumor. -chondrosarcoma.this is a malignant tumor. the root sarc indicates that the malignant tumor arises from a type of flesh or connective tissue
80
chrom/o
meaning: color term: chromosomes. suffix -SOMES means bodies. literally means bodies of color
81
coccyg/o
meaning: coccyx (tailbone)
82
crani/o
meaning: skull term: craniotomy
83
cyt/o
cell
84
dist/o
far, distant | -> distal
85
dors/o
back portion of the body | -> dorsal
86
hist/o
tissue | ->histology
87
ili/o
ilium (upper part of the hip bone) | ->iliac
88
inguin/o
groin | -> inguinal
89
kary/o
nucleus | -> karyotype. the suffix -TYPE means classification or picture
90
later/o
side
91
lumb/o
lower back
92
medi/o
middle
93
nucle/o
nucleus
94
pelv/i
pelvis
95
pharyng/o
pharynx (throat)
96
poster/o
back, behind
97
proxim/o
nearest
98
sacr/o
sacrum
99
sarc/o
flesh | ->sarcoma
100
spin/o
spine, backbone
101
thel/o, theli/o
nipple
102
thorac/o
chest
103
trache/o
trachea, windpipe
104
umbilic/o
navel, umbilicus
105
ventr/o
belly side of the body
106
viscer/o
internal organs
107
The female pelvis is wider and more massive than the male pelvis. The female pelvic opening is a larger, rounded, oval shape, whereas the male pelvic opening is deep, narrow, and funnel- or heart-shaped.
true
108
prefixes: | -ana
up | -> anabolism
109
prefixes: | -cata
down | -> catabolism
110
prefixes: | -epi
above | ->epinephrine. the suffix -INE means a substance
111
prefixes: | -hypo
below
112
prefixes: | -inter
between | ->intervertebral disc
113
prefixes: | -intra
within | ->intravenous
114
prefixes: | -meta
change | ->metabolism
115
Suffix: | -eal
pertaining to
116
Suffix: | -ose
pertaining to, full of
117
Suffix: | -iac
pertaining to
118
Suffix: | -plasm
formation
119
Suffix: | -ior
pertaining to
120
Suffix: | -somes
bodies
121
Suffix: | -ism
process, condition
122
Suffix: | -type
picture, classification
123
epinephrine and adreline
same substance, different names

HAN 312 (21 decks)

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