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HAN 312 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

ilium

A

a part of the hip bone

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2
Q

ileum

A

refers to a part of the small intestine

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3
Q

urethra

A

the tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

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4
Q

ureter

A

is one of two tubes, each leading from a single kidney and inserting into the urinary bladder

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5
Q

root

A

the foundation of the word
ex: hemat/o/logy
in this case hemat is the root

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6
Q

suffix

A

->the word ending
->ex: hemat/o/logy
in this case “logy” means process of study

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7
Q

It is useful to read the meaning of medical terms starting from the suffix and then going back to the beginning of the term

A

true

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8
Q

Electrocardiogram

A
  • > Electr= root (electricity)
  • > o= combining vowel
  • > cardi= root (heart)
  • > o= combining vowel
  • > gram= suffix (record)

=record of electricity in the heart

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9
Q

gastritis

A
  • > gastr = root (stomach)
  • > itis= suffix (inflammation)

=inflammation of the stomach

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10
Q

gastroenterology

A
  • > gastr = root (stomach)
  • > enter= root (intestines)
  • > logy= suffix (process of study)

process of study of the stomach and intestines

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11
Q

When a term contains two or more roots related to parts of the body, anatomic position often determines which root goes before the other. For example, the stomach receives food first, before the small intestine—so the word is formed as gastroenterology

A

true

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12
Q

3 general rules

A
  1. read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and across
  2. drop the combining vowel, usually “o”, before a suffix beginning with a vowel: gastritis…. NOT “gastroitis”
  3. keep the combining vowel between 2 roots
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13
Q

combining form

A

this is simply the root plus the combining vowel.

ex: Hemat/o means blood
* combining form= root + combining vowel

ex:Gastr/o means stomach

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14
Q

prefix

A

is a small part attached to the beginning of a term

-> not all medical terms contain prefixes

ex: Hypogastric
-Hypo= prefix (below)
-Gastr= root (stomach)
-Ic= suffix (pertaining to)
= pertaining to below the stomach

ex: Epigastric
-Epi= prefix (above)
-Gastr= root (stomach)
-Ic= suffix (pertaining to)
= pertaining to above the stomach

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15
Q

Summary: important parts of a medical term include the following

A
  1. Root: foundation of the term
  2. Suffix: word ending
  3. Prefix: word beginning
  4. Combining Vowel: vowel (usually o) that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root
  5. Combining Form: combination of the root and the combining vowel
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16
Q

aden/o

A

Meaning: gland

Example:
-adenoma: the suffix -OMA means tumor or mass

-adenitis: the suffix -ITIS means inflammation

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17
Q

arthr/o

A

Meaning: joint

Example:
-arthritis: inflammation of the joint

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18
Q

bi/o

A

Meaning: life

Example:
-biology: The suffix -LOGY is composed of the root log (study) and the final suffix -y (process or condition)

-biopsy: The suffix -OPSY means process of viewing. Living tissue is removed from the body and viewed under a microscope

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19
Q

carcin/o

A

Meaning: cancerous, cancer

Example:
-carcinoma: Cancerous tumor.

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20
Q

cardi/o

A

Meaning: heart

Example:
-cardiology

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21
Q

cephal/o

A

Meaning: head

Example:
-Cephalic: The suffix -ICK means pertaining to. A cephalic presentation describes a “head first” position for the delivery of an infant

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22
Q

cerebrovascular accident

A

Meaning: Stroke

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23
Q

Cerebr/o

A

Meaning: Cerebrum (largest part of the brain)

Example:
-cerebral: The suffix -AL means pertaining to

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24
Q

cis/o

A

Meaning: To cut

Example:
-incision: The prefix -IN means into, and the suffix -ION means process

-excision: The prefix -EX means out

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25
Q

crin/o

A

Meaning: To secrete (to form and give off)

Example:
-endocrine glands: The prefix -ENDO means within

-exocrine glands

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26
Q

cyst/o

A

Meaning: urinary bladder; a sac or a cyst (sac containing fluid)

Example:

  • cystoscopy: The suffix
  • SCOPY is a complex suffix that includes the root scop, meaning visual examination, and the final suffix -Y, meaning process
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27
Q

cyt/o

A

Meaning: cell

Example:
-cytology

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28
Q

derm/o

A

Meaning: skin

Example:
-dermatitis: inflammation of the skin

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29
Q

dermat/o

A

Example:

-hypodermic: The prefix -HYPO means under or below

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30
Q

electr/o

A

Meaning: electricity

Example:
-electrocardiogram: The suffix -GRAM means record.

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31
Q

encephal/o

A

Meaning: brain

Example: electroencephalogram (EEG)

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32
Q

enter/o

A

Meaning: intestines (usually the small intestine)

Example:
-enteritis: inflammation of the small intestine

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33
Q

erythr/o

A

Meaning: red

Example:

  • erythrocyte: The suffix
  • CYTE means cell.
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34
Q

gastr/o

A

Meaning: stomach

Example:

  • gastrectomy: The suffix
  • ECTOMY means excision or removal. All or, more commonly, part of the stomach is removed.

gastronomy: The suffix
- TOMY is another complex suffix, which contains the root TOM, meaning to cut, and the final suffix -Y, meaning process of.

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35
Q

glyc/o

A

Meaning: sugar

Example:
-Hyperglycemia

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36
Q

gnos/o

A

Meaning: knowledge

Example:

  • diagnosis: The prefix -DIA means complete. The suffix
  • SIS means state or condition of. A state of complete knowledge.

-prognosis: The prefix -PRO means before. Literally, “knowledge before”, a prognosis is a prediction about the outcome of an illness, but it is always given after the diagnosis has been determined.

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37
Q

gynec/o

A

Meaning: woman, female

Example: gynecology

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38
Q

hemat/o

A

Meaning: blood

Example: hematology

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39
Q

hem/o

A

Example:

  • hematoma: In this term,
  • OMA means a mass or collection of blood, rather than a growth of cells (tumor). A hematoma forms when blood escapes from blood vessels and collects as a clot in a cavity or organ or under the skin.
  • hemoglobin: The suffix
  • GLOBIN means protein.
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40
Q

hepat/o

A

Meaning: liver

Example: hepatitis

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41
Q

iatr/o

A

Meaning: treatment, physician

Example:
-iatrogenic: The suffix -GENIC means pertaining to producing, produced by, or produced in. Iatrogenic conditions are adverse effects that result from treatment or intervention by a physician.

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42
Q

leuk/o

A

Meaning: white

Example:
-leukocyte: white blood cell

43
Q

log/o

A

Meaning: study of

Example:
-dermatology

44
Q

nephr/o

A

Meaning: kidney

Example:
-nephritis

-nephrology

45
Q

hyperglycemia and diabetes

A

Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) is frequently associated with diabetes. People with diabetes have high blood sugar levels because they lack insulin (in type 1 diabetes) or have ineffective insulin (in type 2 diabetes).

Insulin is the hormone normally released by the pancreas to “escort” sugar from the bloodstream into cells. Sugar is then broken down in cells to release energy. When insulin is not present, sugar cannot enter cells and builds up in the bloodstream (hyperglycemia).

46
Q

onc/o

A

Meaning: tumor (cancerous)

Example:
-oncology

-oncologist: The suffix -IST means one who specializes in a field or medicine

47
Q

ophthalm/o

A

Meaning: eye

Example:

  • ophthalmoscope: The suffix
  • SCOPE means an instrument for visual examination.
48
Q

oste/o

A

Meaning: bone

Example:
-osteitis: inflammation of the bone

-osteoarthritis: This condition of aging is actually a degeneration of bones and joints often accompanied by inflammation

49
Q

path/o

A

Meaning: disease

Example:
-pathology

-pathologist: examines biopsy samples microscopically and examines dead bodies to determine the cause of death

50
Q

ped/o

A

Example:

  • pediatric
  • Notice that ped/o is also in the term orthopedist. Orthopedists once were doctors who straightened (orth/o means straight) children’s bones and corrected deformities. Nowadays, orthopedists specialize in disorders of bones and muscles in people of all ages.
51
Q

psych/o

A

Meaning: mind

Example:
-psychology

-psychiatrist

52
Q

radi/o

A

Meaning: x-rays

Example:
-radiology: low-energy x-rays are used for diagnostic imaging

53
Q

ren/o

A

Meaning: kidney

Example:
-renal

-Ren/o (latin) and nephr/o (greek) both mean kidney. Ren/o is used with -AL (latin) to describe the kidney.

Nephr/o is used with other suffixes such as -OSIS, -ITIS, and -ECTOMY (greek) to describe abnormal conditions and operative procedures

54
Q

rhin/o

A

Meaning: nose

Example:
-rhinitis

55
Q

sarc/o

A

Meaning: flesh

Example:
-sarcoma: this is a cancerous (malignant) tumor. A sarcoma grows from cells of “fleshy” connective tissue such as muscle, bone, and fat.

Whereas, a carcinoma (another type of cancerous tumor) grows from epithelial cells that line the outside of the body or the inside of organs in the body.

56
Q

sect/o

A

meaning: to cut

example:
-resection: The prefix -RE means back. A resection is a cutting back in the sense of cutting or removal (excision). A gastric resection is a gastrectomy, or excision of the stomach

57
Q

thromb/o

A

meaning: clot, clotting

example:
-thrombocyte: also known as platelets, these cells help clot blood.
a thrombus is the actual clot that forms, and thrombosis (-OSIS means condition) is the condition of clot formation

58
Q

ur/o

A

Meaning: urinary tract, urine

example:
-urologist: a surgeon who operates on the urinary tract and the organs of the male reproductive system

59
Q

nephrologist

A

is an internal medicine specialist (nonsurgical) who diagnoses and treats disorders of kidneys.

60
Q

Suffix:

-ac

A

Meaning: pertaining to
Term: cardiac

61
Q

Suffix:

-al

A

Meaning: pertaining to
Term: neural

62
Q

Suffix:

-algia

A

Meaning: pain
Term: arthralgia

63
Q

Suffix:

-cyte

A

Meaning: cell
Term: erythrocyte

64
Q

Suffix:

-ectomy

A

Meaning: excision, removal
Term: nephrectomy

65
Q

Suffix:

-emia

A

Meaning: blood condition
term: leukemia

66
Q

Suffix:

-genic

A

Meaning: pertaining to producing, produced by, or produced in

Term:
-carcinogenic: cigarette smoke is carcinogenic

  • pathogenic: many viruses and bacteria are pathogenic organisms
  • osteogenic sarcoma: this is a malignant tumor produced in bone
67
Q

Suffix:

-globin

A

Meaning: protein
Term: hemoglobin

68
Q

Suffix:

-gram

A

Meaning: record
Term: electrocephalogram

69
Q

Suffix:

-ic, ical

A

Meaning: pertaining to
Term:
-
-neurologic: Log/o means study of

70
Q

Suffix:

-ion

A

Meaning: process
term: excision

71
Q

Suffix:

-ist

A

Meaning: specialist
term: ophthalmologist

72
Q

Suffix:

-itis

A

Meaning: inflammation
term: cystitis

73
Q

Suffix:

-logy

A

meaning: process of study
term: endocrinology

74
Q

Suffix:

-oma

A

meaning: tumor, mass, swelling
term: hepatoma. a hepatoma (hepatocellular carcinoma) is a malignant tumor of the liver

75
Q

Suffix:

-opsy

A

meaning: process of viewing
term: biopsy. biopsy specimens are obtained and viewed under a microscope

76
Q

Ophthalmologist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating (surgically and medically) disorders of the eye.

77
Q

Optometrist

A

a healthcare professional who examines (metr/o= to measure) eyes and prescribes corrective lenses and may treat eye diseases

78
Q

Optician

A

a person who grinds lenses and fits glasses but does not examine eyes, prescribe corrective lenses, or treat eye diseases

79
Q

Suffix:

-osis

A

Meaning: condition, usually abnormal (slight increase in numbers when used with white blood cells)

term:

  • nephrosis
  • leukocytosis: this condition, a slight increase in normal white blood cells, occurs as white blood cells multiply to fight an infection. Dont confuse leukocytosis with leukemia, which is a cancerous (malignant) condition marked by high levels of immature white blood cells.
80
Q

Suffix:

-pathy

A

meaning: disease, condition

term:
- encephalopathy

-adenopathy: also known as lymphadenopathy, this condition refers to lymph nodes (collection of stationary cells along the path of lymph vessels) that are enlarged due to infection or during the spread of malignant (cancerous) tumors

81
Q

Suffix:

-scope

A

meaning: instrument to visually examine
term: endoscope. -ENDO means within. A cystoscope is a type of endoscope. A periscope is a nonmedical term meaning an instrument to visually examine an area around (peri-) an obstacle.

82
Q

Suffix:

-scopy

A

meaning: process of visually examining
- endoscopy. endoscopy is performed with an endoscope. A common endoscopic procedure is a colonoscopy (colon/o= colon or large intestine)

83
Q

Suffix:

-sis

A

meaning: state of; condition
term: prognosis

84
Q

Suffix:

-tomy

A

meaning: process of cutting, incision
term: osteotomy

85
Q

Suffix:

-y

A

meaning: process, condition
term: gastroenterology

86
Q

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

A

chronic (pertaining to over a long period of time) traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a serious brain injury associated with high-impact head trauma

87
Q

Prefixes:

-a, an

A

meaning: no, not, without
term: anemia. Anemia is a decreased number of erythrocytes or an abnormality of the hemoglobin (a chemical) within the red blood cells. This results in decreased delivery of oxygen to cells of the body. Anemic patients look so pale that early physicians thought they were literally “without blood.”

88
Q

Prefixes:

-aut, auto

A

meaning: self, own
term: autopsy. literally means process of viewing by oneself

89
Q

Prefixes:

-dia

A

meaning: complete, through
term: diagnosis

90
Q

Prefixes:

-endo

A

meaning: within
term: endocrinologist

91
Q

Prefixes:

-epi

A

meaning: above, upon
term:
-epigastric
-epidermis

92
Q

Prefixes:

-ex, exo

A

meaning: out, outside of, outward
term: excision, exocrine glands

93
Q

Prefixes:

-hyper

A

meaning: excessive, above, more than normal
term: hyperthyroidism. The suffix -ISM means process or condition

94
Q

Prefixes:

-hypo

A

meaning: deficient, below, under, less than normal

term: hypogastric. when
- HYPO is used with a part of the body, it means below

hypoglycemia. in this term,
- HYPO means deficient

95
Q

Prefixes:

-in

A

meaning: into, in
term: incision

96
Q

Prefixes:

-peri

A

meaning: surrounding, around
term: pericardium. The suffix -UM means a structure. The pericardium is the membrane that surrounds the heart.

97
Q

Plurals

A

Terms ending in -is (diagnosis, prognosis) form their plural by dropping the -is and adding -es.

98
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

a hyperactive thyroid gland secretes a greater than normal amount of thyroxine. because thyroxine causes cells to burn fuel and release energy, signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism are increased energy levels, nervousness, tachycardia (increased heart rate), weight loss, and exophthalmos (bulging eyeballs)

99
Q

Prefix:

-pro

A

meaning: before, forward
term: prostate gland. This exocrine gland “stands” (-STATE) before or in front of the male urinary bladder. it produces semen, which contains fluid and sperm cells

100
Q

Prefix:

-re

A

meaning: back, backward, again
term: resection. this is an operation in which tissue is “cut back” or removed.

101
Q

Prefix:

-retro

A

meaning: behind
term: retrocardiac

102
Q

Prefix:

-sub

A

meaning: below, under
term: subhepatic

103
Q

Prefix:

-trans

A

meaning: across, through
term: transhepatic

HAN 312 (21 decks)

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