DMS 130 > neonate head > Flashcards

neonate head Flashcards

(115 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

◼ Spaces between the bones of the skull
◼ Anterior, Posterior, Sphenoidal, Mastoidal
◼ Anterior - most commonly used for neuro
ultrasound since it remains open until
approximately 18 months

A

Fontanelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the _____________ is the largest portion of the
brain.
◼ The cerebrum consists of two cerebral
hemispheres (gray matter) connected by a
mass of white matter called the corpus
callosum.
◼ The surface contains many convolutions
◼ Gyri—ridges of infolded cortex
◼ Sulci—furrows between ridges. The sulci also
divide the hemispheres into frontal, parietal,
occipital, and temporal lobes.

A

cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

◼ The cerebrum consists of two cerebral
hemispheres (gray matter) connected by a
mass of white matter called the ____________________–

A

corpus
callosum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ridges of infolded cortex

A

Gyri

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

furrows between ridges. The sulci also
divide the hemispheres into frontal, parietal,
occipital, and temporal lobes.

A

Sulci—

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

2 fissures

A

◼ The deep cleft between the two
hemispheres is called the LONGITUDINAL FISSURE
◼ The lateral (Sylvian) fissure is located
above the temporal lobe bilaterally and is
the area where the middle cerebral artery
is located.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The deep cleft between the two
hemispheres is called the _______________ fissure

A

longitudinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The _____________ fissure is located
above the temporal lobe bilaterally and is
the area where the middle cerebral artery
is located.

A

lateral (Sylvian)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how many membranes of the brain are there

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the 3 membranes of the brain

A

◼ Dura mater – double layered, outermost
lining, provides most protection
◼ Arachnoid – middle layer
◼ Pia mater – inner layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which membrane

double layered, outermost
lining, provides most protection

A

Dura mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

which membrane

middle layer

A

Arachnoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which membrane

inner layer

A

Pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

◼ extension of inner layer which passes into
longitudinal fissure.
◼ Divides the two cerebral hemispheres

A

Falx cerebri

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

◼ V-shaped echogenic structure
◼ Separates cerebrum and cerebellum
◼ Extension of flax cerebri

A

Tentorium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

“The mother of all tents”

A

Tentorium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

◼ Two cerebral hemispheres
◼ Connected by corpus callosum
◼ Separated by longitudinal fissure into
which the falx cerebri projects
◼ Extend posteriorly above the tentorium.

A

Cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the cerebrum connected by

A

corpus callosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

◼ White matter that
connects right and left
cerebral hemispheres
◼ Forms the roof of the
lateral ventricles
◼ Sits on top of cavum
septum pellucidum
◼ Runs parallel with
CSP (sagittal)

A

Corpus Callosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

◼ Anterior to thalamus
◼ Located inferior and lateral to frontal horns–
Forms lateral borders of the frontal horns
◼ Divided into head, body and tail.
◼ The head is a common site for hemorrhage.
◼ Especially at the location of the caudothalamic
groove.

A

Caudate Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the Caudate Nucleus is divided into which 3 parts

A

head, body and tail.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

which site is common for hemmorrhage in caudate nucleus

A

head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

◼ Two oval shaped
masses of gray matter
◼ Located on either side
of the third ventricle,
superior to the brain
stem
◼ Connected by massa
intermedia (in third ventricle)
◼ Massa Intermedia only
seen with severe
dilatation of ventricles as
small echogenic mass in
third ventricle

A

Thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
26
◼ Consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata ◼ Located anterior to Aqueduct of Sylvius ◼ Connects forebrain to spinal cord
Brain Stem
27
Brain Stem consists of which 3 parts
midbrain pons medulla oblongata
28
where is the brain stem located
anterior to aqueduct of sylvius
29
what does the brain stem connect
forebrain to spinal cord
30
which part of the brain stem ◼ Connects forebrain to hindbrain ◼ Consists of two halve called cerebral peduncles
Midbrain
31
which part of the brain stem Lies anterior to cerebellum between midbrain and medulla oblongata
pons
32
which part of the brain stem ◼ Upward continuation of spinal cord ◼ Extends from pons to foramen magnum ◼ Contains fiber tracts that regulate internal activities of the body (heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure)
Medulla Oblongata
33
◼ Two hemispheres with dumbbell shape ◼ Vermis connects two hemispheres ◼ Functions in coordination and balance ◼ Located in posterior cranial fossa--The portion of the brain that lies posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata ◼ Lies under tentorium cerebelli ◼ Sonographically more echogenic than other brain tissues ◼ Appears triangular on coronal view
Cerebellum
34
◼ Functions in coordination and balance
Cerebellum
35
◼ Located in posterior cranial fossa--The portion of the brain that lies posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
36
◼ Lies under tentorium cerebelli
Cerebellum
37
◼ Located in the posterior fossa of the brain. ◼ It is an enclosed space serving as a reservoir for CSF.
cisterna magna
38
◼ Largest of the cerebral spinal fluid cavities ◼ Four divisions ◼ Frontal horn ◼ Body ◼ Occipital horn ◼ Temporal horn ◼ Body contains choroid plexus
lateral ventricles
39
what are the 4 divisions of lateral ventricles
◼ Frontal horn ◼ Body ◼ Occipital horn ◼ Temporal horn
40
which part of the ventricle contains the choroid plexus
body
41
Divided into four segments: 1. Anterior or Frontal horns in frontal lobe 2. Body- extends from Foramen of Monro to trigone 3. Occipital horns-most posterior 4. Inferior or Temporal horns- extends anteriorly from trigone through temporal lobe
◼ The body of the lateral ventricle extends from the foramen of Monro to the artrium ◼ The corpus callosum forms the roof. ◼ The septum pellucidum forms the medial wall. ◼ The thalamus touches the inferior lateral wall. ◼ The superior wall (body) of the caudate nucleus borders the lateral vents.
42
◼ Each lateral vent. communicates with the 3rd ventricle through a small opening called the ____________________________________________
interventricular foramen or ‘Foramen of Monro’.
43
◼ They are divided posteriorly by the foramen of Monro near the body of the ventricle. ◼ The roof is form by the corpus callosum. ◼ The septum pellucidum forms the medial wall. ◼ The caudate nucleus forms lateral wall.
The Frontal Horns
44
◼ They are divided posteriorly by the foramen of Monro near the body of the ventricle.
The Frontal Horns
45
what is the roof of frontal horns formed by
corpus calloum
46
what forms the medial wall of frontal horns
septum pellucidum
47
what forms the lateral walls of the frontal horns
caudate nucleus
48
◼ The extend anteriorly from the trigone through the temporal lobe. ◼ The roof is formed by the temporal lobe and the tail of the caudate nucleus. ◼ The hippocampus forms the medial wall.
The Temporal Horns
49
◼ They extends posteriorly from the trigone
The Occipital horns ◼ The occipital cortex form the medial wall ◼ The corpus callosum forms the proximal roof and lateral wall.
50
connects frontal horns to third ventricle
Foramen of Monro (Interventricular foramen)
51
connects third and fourth ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius)
52
The lateral walls of the third ventricle are formed by the
right and left masses of the Thalamus
53
single opening in medial, inferior portion of 4th ventricle
Foramen of Magendie
54
two openings in lateral walls of 4th ventricle
Foramen of Luschka
55
which ventricle ____________ Is a cavity of the hindbrain. ◼ Only seen with enlarged ventricles--The aqueduct of Sylvius is seen with massive ventricular enlargement.
fourth ventricle
56
which ventricle is most infereior
fourth ventricle
57
◼ The fourth ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the _____________________
spinal cord.
58
59
◼ In early gestation forms entire wall of ventricular system ◼ By six months gestation, persists only over head of caudate nucleus ◼ Demonstrated on parasagittal images in area of caudothalamic groove ◼ Vessels in this region from immature bed of very fine capillaries prone to changes in blood pressure and respiration ◼ It sweeps from the frontal horn posteriorly into the temporal horn.
Germinal Matrix
60
what two things does the germinal matrix include
periventricular tissue and the caudate nucleus.
61
where is the germinal matrix located
1cm above the caudate nucleus in the floor of the lateral ventricle
62
◼ A membrane lining the the cerebral ventricles
Ependyma
63
the area immediately beneath the ependyma
subependyma
64
is most common site for bleeds (caudothalamic groove)
Subependyma
65
The CSP is a thin triangular hole filled with
CSF cerebral spinal fluid
66
Often referred to as the 5th ventricle.
CSP Cavum Septum Pellucidum Do not mistake for third ventricle located more inferior
67
◼ The ____________________ is found at the posterior tip of the CSP. ◼ It closes at 24 weeks of gestation
cavum vergae
68
Main regulator of intraventricular pressure by absorption and secretion of CSF
choroid plexus
69
◼ Vertebrals form basilar artery which then branches to form the Posterior cerebral arteries. ◼ The ICA give rise to the Middle cerebral artery ◼ The Middle cerebral and Posterior cerebral are joined together by the posterior communicating artery. ◼ The anterior communicating artery is joined to the Middle cerebral artery by the anterior cerebral artery.`
Circle of Willis
70
indications for neurosonography
 Premature Infants * Infants born before 32 weeks * Birth weight less than 1500 grams  Term Infants * Seizures * Suspected hydrocephalus (Macrocephaly)
71
 All studies should be done portable.  Neonate is very fragile and susceptible to environmental changes.  Crash cart and life support must be readily available.  Initial evaluation should be done in the ICU  Follow up studies can be done in department, however this is not the rule.
1. Anterior: orbits 2. Anterior: anterior horns and lateral ventricles 3. Middle: lateral ventricles, CSP, 3rd ventricle, and corpus callosum 4. Posterior: cisterna magna 5. Posterior: choroid plexus 1. Anterior: orbits 2. Anterior: anterior horns and lateral ventricles 3. Middle: lateral ventricles, CSP, 3rd ventricle, and corpus callosum 4. Posterior: cisterna magna 5. Posterior: choroid plexus
72
 Scan through port of ______________ for neonate head
isolette
73
coronal protocol 1. Anterior: orbits 2. Anterior: anterior horns and lateral ventricles 3. Middle: lateral ventricles, CSP, 3rd ventricle, and corpus callosum 4. Posterior: cisterna magna 5. Posterior: choroid plexus 6. Anterior: orbits 7. Anterior: anterior horns and lateral ventricles 8. Middle: lateral ventricles, CSP, 3rd ventricle, and corpus callosum 9. Posterior: cisterna magna 10. Posterior: choroid plexus
74
what is it
coronal- anterior images
75
what is it
coronal- anterior images
76
what is it
coronal- mid images
77
what is it
coronal- mid images
78
what is it
coronal- mid images
79
what is it
coronal- posterior images
80
what is it
coronal- mid images
81
what is it
coronal- posterior images
82
sagittal protocol Image the following protocol on each side of the brain: 1. Very lateral Sylvian fissure (contains middle cerebral artery) 2. Lateral ventricle – anterior, body, and occipital 3. Caudothalamic groove (notch) 4. Midline – CSP, corpus callosum, 3rd ventricle, foramen of Monroe, aqueduct of Sylvius, 4th ventricle, cerebellum, cisterna magna
83
sagittal- lateral (Sylvian fissure)
84
sagittal
85
sagittal
86
sagittal
87
sagittal- midline
88
when will you visualize temporal horn
only if hydrocepahlus is present
89
The main reason for neonatal brain evaluation is to rule out _____________ and _______________ bleeds
intraventricular intraparenchymal
90
how many grades are there for bleeds
4
91
which grade bleed  An isolated subepenymal hemorrhage (SEH)  Will NOT extend into the ventricle  Usually seen at caudothalamic groove  Very echo dense lesion pushing up the floor and external wall of lateral ventricle  May eventually resolve as cyst  97% can be detected by end of first week  Not extremely significant
grade 1
92
which grade bleed
grade 1
93
which grade bleed  Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) without ventricular dilatation  Sonographically appears as echo-dense structure inside the anechoic ventricular cavity  May have PHH (post hemorrhagic hydrocephalus-dilated by CSF)
grade 2
94
which grade bleed
grade 2
95
which grade bleed
grade 2
96
which grade bleed  IVH with ventricular dilatation  Blood in and of itself will expand the ventricular system
grade 3
97
which grade bleed
grade 3
98
which grade bleed
grade 3
99
which grade bleed  IVH with parenchymal extension  Prognosis is usually poor depending on severity due to brain parenchyma damage  Over 2-8 weeks hemorrhagic lesion usually undergoes necrosis and is replace by cystic structure
grade 4
100
which grade bleed
grade 4
101
which grade bleed
grade 4
102
which grade bleed
grade 4
103
which grade bleed
grade 4
104
where is Ventricular Hemispheric Ratio (VHR) measured * Most reliable reproducible method for ventricular measurements over a period of time * Small changes may be due to human error Not In Book
on coronal image at level of third ventricle
105
what does VHR stand for
Ventricular Hemispheric Ratio
106
what is the upper limits of normal for the Ventricular Hemispheric Ratio (VHR)
* .35 is upper limits of normal
107
where does ventricular dilation usually happen first
at the trigone and occipital horns
108
 Softening of the white brain matter
periventricular leukomalacia
109
 Leuko =
white
110
 Malacia =
softening
111
 Peri =
around
112
 what is periventricular leukomalacia Caused by
an ischemic or hypoxic cerebral injury
113
 Early signs will appear as echogenic area adjacent to lateral ventricles  This area may later (2-3 weeks) become a cluster of small cysts due to necrosis  Can be difficult to detect * Can be very subtle (cysts) * Some cases skip echogenic phase
114
 _________________is the worst kind of bleed to have because of the resulting destruction of brain matter and the severe neurological outcome that occurs as a result
IPH  IPH tends to occur in more premature, smaller infants and usually occurs in first four days of life  IPH typically asymmetric and unilateral  IPH has a mass effect  PVL usually occurs in more mature infants, appears later (10 days to 6 weeks depending on phase)  Typically symmetrical, bilateral, and exerts no mass effect
115
 Epidural hemorrhages and subdural fluid collections or bleeds are best diagnosed by CT  Subdural collections appear as non-echogenic spaces between the echogenic calvarium and the cortex  Epidural hemorrhages are seen as echogenic formations licated immediately underneat the calvarium  These type bleeds are more common in full term or close to full term newborns

DMS 130 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions