Neoplasia 2

Question 1

Cell-cell connections are lost by the inactivation of ________ through a variety of pathways

Answer 1

E-cadherin

Question 2

Basement membrane and interstitial matrix degradation is mediated by

Answer 2

tumor secreted proteases (Matrix metalloproteinases and cathepsin D, and urokinase plasminogen activator).
-MMP9 Gelatinase (IV collagenase).

Question 3

Proteolytic enzymes also release growth factors into the ECM that are

Answer 3

angiogenic, growth promoting and chemotactic.

Question 4

Staging of cancers is based on the ____ of the primary lesion, its extent of spread to _______, and the presence or absence of blood-borne ________.

Answer 4

size; regional lymph nodes; metastases

Question 5

major staging system currently in use (American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging)

Answer 5

T for primary tumor
N for regional lymph node involvement
M for metastases

Question 6

Clark level

Answer 6

example of Pathologic Reporting of Malignant Melanoma Prognostic Parameters
-histological; based on depth

Question 7

non-cancerous cellular lesions capable of proliferating to produce cellular progeny which, over generations, have a reasonable chance of causing clonal expansion with phenotypic properties of malignancy

Answer 7

Premalignant Lesions

Question 8

examples of Genetic Predisposition

Answer 8

RET gene disorders, MEN syndromes

Question 9

Examples of Acquired microscopic lesions

Answer 9

colon adenoma, bronchogenic squamous metaplasia and intestinal metaplasia of Barrett’s esophagus.

Question 10

neoplastic cells involving the full thickness of an epithelium

Answer 10

Carcinoma in situ

Question 11

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) Syndromes inheritance

Answer 11

Inherited in autosomal dominant pattern with loss of MEN1 tumor suppressor gene (MEN1, chromosome 11) or activating mutations of RET proto-oncogene (MEN 2, chromosome 10)

Question 12

MEN I areas

Answer 12

Pituitary adenoma
Parathyroid hyperplasia/adenoma
Pancreatic islet cell tumor

Question 13

MEN IIa areas

Answer 13

Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Pheochromocytoma
Parathyroid hyperplasia

Question 14

MEN IIb areas

Answer 14

Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Pheochromocytoma
Mucosal neuromas, neurofibromas, ganglioneuromatosis coli
Marfanoid habitus

Question 15

projecting above a mucosal lining

Answer 15

Exophytic:

Question 16

growing inward into a submucosal stroma

Answer 16

Endophytic

Question 17

An exophytic single mass

Answer 17

Polyp

Question 18

An exophytic mass with finger-like fronds (cauliflower-like)

Answer 18

Papilloma

Question 19

High-risk HPVs (types 16 and 18) have been implicated in the genesis of several cancers:

Answer 19

cervical, oropharyngeal and anogenital SCC.

Question 20

Genital warts have low malignant potential and are associated with low-risk HPVs, _________

Answer 20

HPV-6 and HPV-11

Question 21

Mechanism of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancers is multifactorial

Answer 21

Immunologically mediated chronic inflammation
Stimulation of gastric cell proliferation
Production of reactive oxygen species that damage DNA.

Question 22

Infection–>chronic gastritis–> gastric atrophy–> intestinal metaplasia of the lining cells–> dysplasia–>

Answer 22

gastric adenocarcinoma (Occurs in 3% of infected patients.)

Question 23

Contributing factors to Liver Cirrhosis and Carcinoma

Answer 23

viral hepatitis, poor diet, smoking, alcoholism