Neoplasia

Question 1

What percentage of deaths in Australia are due to cancer?

Answer 1

30%

Question 2

Define neoplasia

Answer 2

Abnormal mass of tissue due to excessive and unregulated cell proliferation

Question 3

What is the most common cancer in Australian men?

Answer 3

Prostate cancer

Question 4

What is the most common cancer in Australian women?

Answer 4

Breast cancer

Question 5

What is the most common cancer in the world?

Answer 5

Lung cancer

Question 6

Define cancer

Answer 6

Malignant neoplasia

Question 7

Define anaplastic

Answer 7

Completely undifferentiated cells

Question 8

When atypical cells go beyond the basement membrane, what are they called?

Answer 8

Invasive

Question 9

Define polyp

Answer 9

Abnormal protuberance into a lumen

Question 10

How is a cancer graded?

Answer 10

Based on the degree of differentiation of the cells

Question 11

What is desmoplasia?

Answer 11

Tumour cells elease cytokines eg TGF beta → cause fibroblasts to differentiate and synthesise more stroma

Question 12

What are the 3 routes by which cancer may spread?

Answer 12

Lymphatic Haematogenous Transcoelomic

Question 13

What are the main organs where metastases appear?

Answer 13

Liver, brain, bone and lung

Question 14

Name 7 features that neoplastic cells may display

Answer 14

Architectural disorganisation Larger nuclei Pleomorphic nuclei Coarser nuclear chromatin Hyperchromatic nuclei Larger more prominent nucleoli Abnormal mitotic figures

Question 15

Define pleomorphic

Answer 15

varying shapes and sizes

Question 16

What is the prefix for glandular neoplasia?

Answer 16

Adeno-

Question 17

What is the prefix for smooth muscle neoplasia?

Answer 17

Leiomyo-

Question 18

What is the prefix for osteobastic neoplasia?

Answer 18

Osteo-

Question 19

The prefix adeno- indicates neoplasia of what cell lineage?

Answer 19

Glandular

Question 20

The prefix leioymo- indicates neoplasia of what cell lineage?

Answer 20

Smooth muscle

Question 21

The prefix osteo- indicates neoplasia of what cell lineage?

Answer 21

Osteobastic

Question 22

In general, the suffix -oma indicates what about neoplasia?

Answer 22

Benign

Question 23

In general, the suffix -carcinoma indicates what about neoplasia?

Answer 23

Malignant epithelial

Question 24

In general, the suffix -sarcoma indicates what about neoplasia?

Answer 24

Malignant mesenchymal

Question 25

What suffix is given for benign neoplasia

Answer 25

-oma

Question 26

What suffix is given for malignant epithelial neoplasia?

Answer 26

-carcinoma

Question 27

What suffix is given for malignant mesenchymal neoplasia?

Answer 27

-sarcoma

Question 28

What are the 4 classes of genes that are the principal focus of mutations in carcinogenesis?

Answer 28

1 Protooncogenes 2 Tumour supressor genes 3 Apoptotic regulatory genes 4 DNA repair genes

Question 29

What is a genetic mutation?

Answer 29

A mutation is any change in DNA that is rare in the normal population

Question 30

What is a polymorphism?

Answer 30

A naturally occurring variation of a gene that is relatively common in the population

Question 31

Once a colon or lung tumour is clinically detectable, how long will it take to double in size?

Answer 31

2-3 months

Question 32

What is loss of heterozygosity?

Answer 32

The loss of normal function of one allele of a gene in which the other allele was already affected

Question 33

What is the most common fatal cancer in Australian men?

Answer 33

Lung

Question 34

What is the most common fatal cancer in Australian women?

Answer 34

Lung

Question 35

What is the most common form of lung cancer?

Answer 35

Adenocarcinoma

Question 36

What are they 4 main forms of lung cancer?

Answer 36

Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma

Question 37

What does cancer 'stage' refer to?

Answer 37

Size Invasiveness Nodal spread Spread (Metastases)

Question 38

What does the TNM system measure?

Answer 38

Staging of cancer T = extent of primary tumour N = regional lymph node metastases M = metastases

Question 39

What does stage IV lung cancer imply?

Answer 39

Metastasis/es

Question 40

What term is interchangeable with 'intraepithelial neoplasia"

Answer 40

Carcinoma in situ

Question 41

How many mutations of a tumour supressor gene are required for cancer?

Answer 41

2

Question 42

How is a neoplasia descibed once it breaches the basement membrane?

Answer 42

Invasive

Question 43

An invasive neoplasia has by definition breached what?

Answer 43

Basement membrane

Question 44

Sarcoma indicates what?

Answer 44

Malignancy of connective tissue/stroma/mesenchyme

Question 45

'Carcinoma' indicates what?

Answer 45

Cancer of epithelium