Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MD1 FBS > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

(83 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the main prostaglandin secreted by the kidneys?

A

Prostacyclin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the maximum possible concentration of urine?

A

1200 m.osmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What percentage of glomeruli are superficial cortical glomeruli?

A

85%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What percentage of glomeruli are juxtamedullary glomeruli?

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where do juxtamedullary glomeruli have their Bowman’s capsules?

A

In the cortex, near the junction with the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many afferent arterioles are there per nephron?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What percentage of cardiac output goes to the kidneys?

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where is the macula densa?

A

At beginning of distal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do macula densa cells detect?

A

NaCl concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do macula densa cells release to cause constriction of the afferent arteriole?

A

Adenosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where does creatinine come from?

A

Turnover of muscle cells and protein degradation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What percentage of renal plasma flow is filtered by the glomerulus?

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillary?

A

50mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the net filtration pressure across the glomerulus?

A

10mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens to GFR when afferent arteriole constricts?

A

Decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens to GFR when efferent arteriole constricts?

A

Increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does angiotensin II do in regards to the efferent or afferent arerioles?

A

Constriction of efferent arteriole to cause increase in GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens to GFR when MAP increases from 80 to 180?

A

Nothing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where does autoregulation in the kidney occur?

A

Afferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which cells of the kidney release renin?

A

Granular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are granular cells in the kidney?

A

In the wall of the afferent arteriole where it enters the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does renin do?

A

Catalyses angiotensinogen –> angiotensin 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What causes granular cells to release renin?

A

Decreased NaCl, sympathetic drive and pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The clearance of substance X is…..

A

The volume of plasma cleared of X per time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What do we call infection of the bladder and lower UT?
Cystitis
26
What do we call infection of kidney and renal pelvis?
Pyelonephritis
27
How far along the urinary tract should be sterile?
Everything above bladder sphincter
28
What's the most common pathogen in UTI?
E. coli
29
How do must bacteria get into the urinary tract to cause infection?
Ascend up the urethra
30
What is the major innate immune mechanism in the urinary tract?
Constant flushing effects of urine and regular emptying of bladder
31
What is the most important thing to remember when taking a urine sample from a catheter bag?
Never collect it from the bag itself; collect freshly passed urine from the catheter itself
32
Why must a urinalysis be performed promptly?
More time would allow the bacteria to replicate and quantitative analysis is important in urine samples
33
What do we call pus in the urine?
Pyuria
34
What is sterile pyuria?
Pus in urine, but without bacterial growth
35
What antibiotics should be used for a UTI?
Cephalexin OR co-amoxyclav OR trimethoprim
36
What antibiotics should be used for pyelonephritis?
Cephalexin OR co-amoxyclav OR trimethoprim
37
What is the definition of recurrent UTI in women?
\>2 UTIs in 6 months
38
What percentage of water is reabsorbed by the kidneys after it has been filtered?
99%
39
Where is water reabsorption in the kidney regulated?
Collecting ducts
40
Where is calcium mainly reabsorbed in the nephron?
Proximal convoluted tubule
41
What percentage of creatinine is reabsorbed in the kidney?
None
42
How is Na reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of the nephron?
Na/K/2Cl co-trasnporter
43
What percentage of nephrons are juxta-medullary?
15%
44
What size are the fenestrations in glomerular capillaries?
70-100nm
45
What size are the podocyte interdigitating slits in the glomerulus?
3-5nm
46
What type of epithelium lines the proximal convoluted tubule?
Simple cuboidal
47
What type of epithelium lines the thin descending loop of Henle?
Simple squamous
48
What type of epithelium lines the ureters?
Transitional epithelium
49
Which substance is responsible for constriciton of the efferent arteriole in the kidney?
Angiotensin II
50
Where is reasborption greatest along the nephron?
Proximal convoluted tubule
51
What is the most important solute to be reabsorbed in the nephron?
Sodium
52
What measure is the most important for defining renal failure in clinical practice?
GFR
53
Urine output of less than 500ml per day indicates what?
Renal failure
54
Define acute renal failure
A sudden fall in GFR over hours to days
55
When does kidney function naturally begin to decline?
40 years of age
56
What is the most accurate measure of daily fluid balance?
Daily weight measurement
57
What is the most common cause of acute renal failure?
Acute tubular necrosis
58
Define oliguria
can't pee
59
In which 2 ways can the kidney regulate HCO3- levels?
Can reabsorb HCO3- in PCT. Can synthesise HCO3- in DCT
60
What is a normal pH in the body?
7.35-7.45
61
How do you calculate the anion gap?
Na + K - Cl - HCO3
62
What makes up most of the unmeasured ions in the anion gap?
Albumin
63
Name 3 types of acidosis with a large anion gap
Renal failure. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Lactic acidosis
64
What is a normal HCO3- level?
21-28 mmol/L
65
What happens to bicarbonate levels in metabolic alkalosis?
Increased
66
What happens to bicarbonate levels in metabolic acidosis?
Decreased
67
What compensation happens to bicarbonate levels in respiratory alkalosis?
Decreased
68
What happens to bicarbonate levels in respiratory acidosis?
Increased
69
What effect does metabolic acidosis have on potassium levels?
K+ levels increase in metabolic acidosis
70
Define Grave's disease
Type II hypersensitivity in which host generates Ig to TSH receptor on thyroid gland, which stimulates thyroid hormone release. Leads to hyperthyroidism.
71
Define myasthenia gravis
Type II hypersensitivity in which host generates Ig to muscle nicotinic ACh receptors. When bound, this stops ACh from activating muslce, leading to weakness.
72
Define vasculitis
Type III hypersensitivity in which immune complexes are deposited in vessel walls
73
What are the 4 features of nephrotic syndrome?
Proteinuria. Hypoalbuminaemia. Oedema. Hyperlipidaemia
74
Which part of the nephron is impaired with proteinuria?
Glomerular filter
75
Define glomerulonephritis
Injury to the glomerulus that is almost always immune mediated
76
What is focal vs diffuse glomerulonephritis?
Every glomerulus is abnormal vs no all
77
What is segmental vs global glomerulonephritis?
All or most part of each glomerulus is involved with not
78
What is the leading cause of end stage renal failure in Australia?
Diabetic nephropathy
79
What is suggested by cresents in the urinary space outside the glomerular tuft?
Severe acute injury to the glomerulus
80
What is the "triple whammy"?
Combination of ACE inhibitor, diuretic and NSAID
81
How do NSAIDs impair renal function?
By interfering with vasodilation from PGI2
82
What is the mechanism of action of potassium-sparing diuretics?
Block Na transporter in collecting tubules and ducts Plus or minus: Inhibit synthesis of Na/K cotransporter in collecting tubules and ducts
83
What is the normal osmolarity of the blood?
290 mOsl/L (around 300) mili osmol per litre Same as interstitial fluid

MD1 FBS (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions