nephro

Question 1

Main benefit of EPO?

Answer 1

Improving exercise tolerance

Question 2

First line rx for hyperkalemia?

Answer 2

Insulin dextrose

Question 3

Hypercalciuria and renal stones prophylaxis?

Answer 3

Thiazide diuretics

Question 4

Idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis antibodies?

Answer 4

A2 antibodies

Question 5

Diabetic nephropathy stages?

Answer 5

Stage 1 - hyperinfiltration
Stage 2 - GFR remains elevated
Stage 3 - microalbuminuria
Stage 4 - persistent proteinuria, HTN,
Stage 5 - renal replacement therapy needed

Question 6

Biggest complication of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 6

Renal vein thrombosis

Question 7

ADPKD scan and management?

Answer 7

Abdo USS, mx - tolvaptan

Question 8

Tamsulosin side effects?

Answer 8

Dizziness and postural hypotension - alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist is a vasodilator

Question 9

Anticoag used during plasma exchange? Electrolyte imbalance?

Answer 9

Sodium citrate - hypocalcaemia

Question 10

Tacrolimus side effect?

Answer 10

Tremor

Question 11

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (mesangiocapillary) types?

Answer 11

type 1: cryoglobulinaemia, hepatitis C
type 2: partial lipodystrophy

Question 12

Alport syndrome inheritance?

Answer 12

X linked dominant

Question 13

Goodpasture’s syndrome antibodies?

Answer 13

IgG deposits on renal biopsy
anti-GBM antibodies

Question 14

ADPKD medication and drug mechanism?

Answer 14

Tolvaptan - Vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist

Question 15

HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) glomerulonephritis?

Answer 15

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Question 16

Rapidly progressive glomneph antibodies?

Answer 16

cANCA

Question 17

Sx of prerenal uraemia?

Answer 17

Kidneys hold on to sodium to preserve volume

Question 18

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus may be caused genetic mutations - most and least common?

Answer 18

more common form affects the vasopression (ADH) receptor
less common form results from a mutation in the gene that encodes the aquaporin 2 channel

Question 19

Most common cause of peritonitis secondary to peritoneal dialysis?

Answer 19

Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus

Question 20

Barter’s syndrome - normotension or hypertension?

Answer 20

Normo

Question 21

Mesangium: normal, with no hypercellularity. The capillary walls are thickened. Subepithelial deposits are seen + creates a ‘spike and dome’ appearance?

Answer 21

Membranous glom-nephritis

Question 22

Cause of ADH suppression in the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 22

Alcohol

Question 23

Graft rejection antibody?

Answer 23

IgG

Question 24

Eosinophilia and NSAID use?

Answer 24

Acute interstitial nephritis

Question 25

Renal stones on x-ray? Cystine and urate/xanthine?

Answer 25

Cystine stones: semi-opaque Urate + xanthine stones: radio-lucent

Question 26

Testicular seminoma marker?

Answer 26

hCG

Question 27

Non-seminomas?

Answer 27

hCG and AFP

Question 28

What are stag-horn calculi normally composed of?

Answer 28

Struvite - (ammonium magnesium phosphate, triple phosphate)

Question 29

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease type 2 is associated with a gene defect in?

Answer 29

Chromo 4

Question 30

CKD on haemodialysis - most likely cause of death?

Answer 30

IHD

Question 31

Alport syndrome inheritance?

Answer 31

X linked dom

Question 32

Safe drug for SLE in pregnancy?

Answer 32

Azathioprine

Question 33

Glomneph in SLE?

Answer 33

Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis

Question 34

Glomneph associated with cancer?

Answer 34

Membranous

Question 35

A 23-year-old man with end-stage renal failure secondary to minimal change disease has presented to the renal clinic along with his brother. They are both undergoing investigation for possible organ donation. Bloods taken for HLA matching show that antigens A, B, DP, DQ, and DR are matches. Which is the most important to match?

Answer 35

Renal transplant HLA matching - DR is the most important

Question 36

Which glomerulonephritis is most characteristically associated with partial lipodystrophy?

Answer 36

Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (membranoproliferative) T1 - cryoglobulinaemia, hepatitis C T2 - partial lipodystrop

Question 37

Diabetes insipidus in patients taking lithium mechanism?

Answer 37

Lithium desensitises the kidney's ability to respond to ADH in the collecting ducts

Question 38

Contrast-induced nephropathy occurs when?

Answer 38

2 -5 days after administration

Question 39

Proteus mirabilis infection predisposes to which type of stone?

Answer 39

Proteus mirabilis infection predisposes to struvite kidney stones

Question 40

Which type of glomerulonephritis is associated with normal complement levels?

Answer 40

Goodpasture's

Question 41

Calcium resonium mechanism of action?

Answer 41

Increases K excretion - resonium removes!

Question 42

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis secondary to partial lipodystrophy - which complement will be low?

Answer 42

C3

Question 43

eGFR variables?

Answer 43

CAGE - creatinine, age, gender, ethnicity

Question 44

Time taken for an arteriovenous fistula to develop?

Answer 44

6-8 weeks

Question 45

Patients who have received an organ transplant are at risk of skin cancer - which type?

Answer 45

Squamous cell cancer

Question 47

How to tell if blood in urine is glomerular in origin?

Answer 47

Dysmorphic RBCs on microscopy

Question 49

GFR ACD?

Answer 49

zona glom - aldosterone zona fas - cortisol zona ret - DHEA