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Nephrology / Urology Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Goldbblatt’s Kidney

A

Flea-Bitten (Ruptured capillaries from high BP)
Occlusion shunts pressure to contralateral kidney

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2
Q

PSGN

A

Sub-Epithelial humps of IgG / C3 / C4 Deposition
Lumpy on EM and ASO Abs
Common in children

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3
Q

Membranous Glomerulonephritis

A

Basement membrane spikes
Granular / Linear sub epithelial spikes and domes

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4
Q

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

A

Tram tracks
Type II has low C3 on light microscopy

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5
Q

Minimal Change disease

A

Fused foot processes
No renal failure

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6
Q

FSGS

A

Most common in drug users, Black people, Hispanics, HIV

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7
Q

Most common types of kidney stones

A

Calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate (square)

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8
Q

Coffin-Lid crystals

A

Triple phosphate (struvite) stones

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9
Q

Rosette Christal kidney stones

A

Uric Acid
Not visible on X ray
pH above 7

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10
Q

Hexagonal crystal kidney stones

A

Cysteine (defective aa transport)

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11
Q

Aniridia

A

Wilms tumor association

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12
Q

Iridocyclitis

A

Inflammation within eye
Associate with juvenile RA

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13
Q

Phimosis

A

Foreskin scarred at penis head

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14
Q

Urge incontinence

A

Urgency leads to complete voiding
Detrusor spasticity leading to small bladder volume

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15
Q

Stress incontinence

A

Weak pelvic floor muscles
Urinating when coughing, laughing, etc
Estrogen effect

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16
Q

Overflow incontinence

A

Cannot completely empty bladder

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17
Q

WBC AND RBC casts in urine

A

Glomerulonephritis

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18
Q

Fat casts

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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19
Q

Waxy casts

A

Chronic Renal Failure

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20
Q

Tubular Casts

A

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

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21
Q

Muddy brown casts

A

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

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22
Q

Hyaline Casts

A

Normal sloughing

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23
Q

Epithelial casts

A

Normal sloughing

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24
Q

Measurements of afferent renal function

A

Creatinine or Inulin

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25
Efferent renal function
BUN or PAH
26
Afferent arteriole
Monitors pressure (JG cells - Renin)
27
Paraphymosis
Foreskin scarred at penis base Foreskin will strangulate the glans
28
BUN:Cr greater than 20
Pre-renal failure
29
Macula Densa
Measures osmolality
30
JG apparatus
Measures volume Secretes renin
31
Fanconi Syndrome
Tetracycline use Produces urine phosphates, glucose, AAs
32
Bartter's Syndrome
JG cell hyperplasia: renin excess NO increase in BP Defect in kidney's ability to reabsorb K+
33
Hepatorenal syndrome
High urea from liver Increased Glutaminase, Ammonia, GABA Kidney shuts down
34
RTA 1
Distal RTA Broken H/K in collecting duct High urine pH
35
RTA 2
Proximal RTA Bad Carbonic Anhydrase Loss of all HCO3-
36
IgA Nephropathies
HSP, Berger's, Alport Syndrome
37
Most common nephrotic disease in diabetics
Nodular sclerosis
38
Nephrotic disease complication in CA
Usually Amyloidosis
39
Drugs affecting the PCT
Acetazolamide Mannitol
40
Acetazolamide
CA inhibitor, also blocks HCO3- Reabsorption Used for Glaucoma, Metabolic Alkalosis, altitude AE: Metabolic acidosis, Ammonium, Sulfa allergy
41
Mannitol
Osmotic diuretic, increases tubular fluid osmolarity Used for shock, ODs, ICP (when the bleed stops)
42
Loop drugs
Furosemide and Ethacrynic acid
43
Furosemide
Na/k/2Cl- inhibitor in TAL Excretes Ca+, releases PGE. Inhibited by NSAIDs AE: Ototoxic, Hypokalemic, alkalosis, hyperuricemia
44
Ethacrynic acid
Phenoxyacetic acid derivative, blocks Na/K/2Cl in TAL AE: reversible ototoxicity, hypokalemia, alkalosis, hypoganesemia
45
HCTZ
Blocks Na and Cl into DCT, increase Ca2+ reabsorption
46
Spironolactone, Eplerenone
Competitive aldosterone receptor blocker in cortical CT Feminizing
47
Triamterene, Amiloride
Block Na channels in cortical collecting tubule Amiloride causes increase in Ca2+ reabsorption (helps tx Ca kidney stones) AE: Hyperkalemia
48
Effects of NSAIDs on kidney
AIN Constricts Afferent (into kidney) Arteriole
49
Effects of ACEi on kidney
Dilates Efferent (leaving kidney) arteriole
50
Effects of CCB on kidney
Dilates Afferent (into kidney) arteriole
51
Parkland formula
4 x Surface area burns x Kg Give half in first 8 hours, other have over the next
52
Rule of 9's for adults
Torso: 36 total Arms: 9 each Legs: 18 each Head: 9 total Genitals: 1
53
Rule of 9s for children
Torso: 36 total HEAD: 18 Arms: 9 each LEGS: 14 each Genitals: 1
54
Treat hyponatremic patients
Mild (120-134): Stop Water Mod (110-119): 0.9NS and Loop Severe (below 110): 3% NaCl-
55
BUN:Cr
Over 20 means pre-renal, volume issue
56
PSGN Histo
Sub-EPIthelial deposits, Lumpy Bumpy EM Granular (non-linear) IF
57
Goodpasture Histo
Smooth (linear) on IF Can develop RPGN
58
RPGN Histo
Crescent (IgG/C3) on IF
59
IgA Nephropathy Histo
Mesangial deposits (IgA/C3) on IF
60
Membranoproliferative Histo
Tram Track, BM splitting on Silver Stain (LM) Sub-ENDOthelial deposits on EM
61
Membranous Glomerulonephritis Histo
BM Spikes on Siler Stain (LM) Granular / Linear on IF Sub-EPIthelial Spike-and-dome
62
Minimal change disease histo
podocyte foot effacement on EM
63
Amyloidosis Histo
Extracellular Pink Protein (Congo Red) LM AB2 Amyloid on IF
64
Nodular Glomerular Sclerosis Histo
Nodular sclerosis of glomeruli, Thick BM on LM Hx of DM, kimmelstiel Wilson nodules, Christmas bells Can progress to ESRD
65
Small Kidney
Renal Artery Stenosis
66
Large Kidneys
Polycystic kidney disease Medullary Sponge Kidneys Medullary Cystic Kidneys
67
Death by adult polycystic kidney disease
SAH / Berry aneurism in PCA: Blown pupil: CN3 Worst HA Tx w/ Transplant
68
Stress Incontenence
Associated with estrogen, coughing, sneezing Tx w/ Kegles, pseudoephedrine
69
Urge incontenence
Increased detrusor activity Children: desmopressin Adults: Oxybutynin
70
Bartter Syndrome
mut NaK2Cl- transporter No NaCl reabsorption in TAL (like a loop diuretic) increased RAAS
71
Gitelman syndrome
mut NaCl cotransporter No NaCl reabsorption in DCT (Like a Thiazide) Increased RAAS
72
Liddle Syndrome
Defective ENaC in collecting tubule HTN, low RAAS

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