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Anatomy LE > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

two major division of the NS

A

CNS and PNS

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2
Q

components of the CNS

A

Cerebral hemispheres
Brainstem/cerebellum
spinal cord

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3
Q

Components of PNS

A

Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves/Autonomic counterparts

Outside the brain and cord

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4
Q

main roles of the CNS

A

Integrate & coordinate incoming and outgoing information

Conduct higher mental functions
Thinking
Learning
Judgement/perceptions (only place where this happens)

> 

Helps interpret what is happening in surroundings
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5
Q

PNS role

A

Conduct signals/information to or away from the CNS

Connects the CNS with peripheral structures

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6
Q

Neuron composed of

A

Cell body/axon terminal (gray)
Axon (white)

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7
Q

Collection of cell bodies and synaptic sites in the CNS

A

Nuclei in CNS

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8
Q

Collection of cell bodies and synaptic sites in the PNS

A

Ganglia in PNS

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9
Q

Bundle of myelinated axons in the CNS

A

Tract in CNS

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10
Q

Bundle of myelinated axons (white matter) in the PNS

A

nerves

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11
Q

pathways of motor and sensory in the CNS

A

CNS there are different pathways for sensory and motor

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12
Q

pathways of motor and sensory in the PNS

A

When we get to the ​spinal nerve - this carries both motor and sensory

Mixed nerve = sensory and motor components

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13
Q

Supratentorial

A

the upper part of the brain- does notincluded the brainstem/cerebellum/spinal cord

Allows for higher functions (cognition, judgement, perception) -only place we see this
Serves motor and sensory functions

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14
Q

motor and sensory functions in the right brain

A

relates to Left body

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15
Q

motor and sensory functions left hemp

A

relates to Right body

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16
Q

left hemp

A

In most is the dominant hemp

associated with aspects of language (motor aspects speech/understanding)

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17
Q

Right hemp

A

associated with body attention/awareness/recognition

affective aspects of language

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18
Q

Left sided neglect

A

the right brain is saying they do not have anything on the left side

> 

Nothing gets attended to on the left
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19
Q

Frontal hemp

A

Motor/motor planning
Higher functions
Voluntary gaze
Speech (motor)**

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20
Q

Parietal

A

Sensory/sensory integration
Body attention/awareness**

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21
Q

Temporal

A

Audition
Learning/memory
Emotion
Speech (understanding)**
Visual recognition

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22
Q

Occipital

A

vision

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23
Q

Visual recognition

A

helps us understand​ that we are seeing a red ball bouncing

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24
Q

Lateral and medial aspects homunculus

A

each have their own blood supply

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25
Lesions to cerebral hemispheres lead to
“cortical” weakness & sensory patterns (Contralateral) face, arm, trunk, leg
26
Motor Lesions in the cerebral hemispheres
Whole/portions of limb weakness vs. individual muscles
27
Sensory Lesions in the cerebral hemispheres
JPS, vibration, discriminative touch, pain & temperature Global sensory loss only occurs at cortical and peripheral levels, not in between (BS/SC)
28
JPS • Joint position sense
measures the individual's ability to perceive the position of a joint with his/her vision occluded and minimal exteroceptive cues
29
Infratentorial role in higher order processing
No role in higher functions (cognition, judgement, perceptions)
30
brainstem consists of
rostral (upper) midbrain, middle pons, and a caudal (lower) medulla
31
brainstem control
Areas pertaining to alertness & body vitals
32
Cerebellum
- all things Coordination > When someone’s timing of movement is off, this might be cause of issue
33
What is the connections between hemispheres and spinal cord
via tracts
34
Tracts
bundles of axons w/ similar function Different tracts carry different information
35
Motor tract
carries contralateral full body information o Descending tract
36
Sensory tracts carry
contralateral full body information (lesion?) o Ascending tract
37
Take out a tract
we remove half of the body - all body info for the opposite side of body
38
Tracts location
in Brainstem and spinal cord
39
Spinal cord ends as what
conus medullaris (L1-2) - where many nerves (Lumbar sacral) come out
40
Filum terminale internum
attaches cord to dural sac (S2) attaches dural sac to coccyx
41
Cauda Equina
horse tail Traveling spinal nerves Descend to exit below associated vertebra
42
spinal cord grey and white matter
eye grey internal butterfly white outer segment
43
White Matter of the spinal cord
Axons – tracts/columns Tracts extend into or from brainstem
44
Gray Matter of the spinal cord (D, I, V)
DAVE Cell bodies/synapses – nuclei dorsal horn/intermediate/ventral horn
45
Meninges surround the cord
DAP Pia, arachnoid, dura mater/dural sac Inside DAP is cerebral spinal fluid
46
are there any cranial nerves in the spinal cord
No cranial nerves
47
Spinal cord provides segmental info
• Info that comes into that level has to do w/ that level • Motor and sensory • Goes out to certain segment of body
48
Dorsal ramus:
smaller, innervates deep muscles and skin of back/posterior neck and head
49
Ventral ramus:
larger, makes up plexuses to extremities Combine to form plexus and peripheral nerves
50
Ventral rootlets/root
motor efferents, outgoing information
51
Dorsal rootlets/root
sensory afferents, incoming information
52
Cervical Spinal nerves
Exit above vertebra (C1-C7), C8 b/w C7-T1 Provides segmental information re: UE’s (brachial plexus)
53
Thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spinal nerves
Exit below vertebra & provides segmental info Provides segmental info re: LE’s (lumbar plexus) & bladder/sphincter (sacral plexus)
54
Disc bulge/herniation/foramen narrowing
Root compression Spinal nerve compression - Disc can impact the root or nerve - Root compression - something is compressing the root
55
dermatomes
an area of skin supplied by sensory neurons that arise from a spinal nerve ganglion learning pattered associate w/ dorsal root or spinal nerve
56
C2 dermatone
remainder of head
57
C5-T1 dermatones
UE
58
T4 derma
at nipple line
59
T10 derma
at umbilicus
60
L1-S2 derma
LE
61
a lesion to a single root level
may result in a DECREASE in sensation but not a COMPLETE LOSS.
62
myotome
Anterior root/spinal nerve contribute to multiple peripheral nerves, innervating multiple muscles that form the myotome.
63
C5 myotome.
Weakness to bicep and deltoid Sensory deficit to upper lateral arm Decreased biceps reflex
64
C6 myotome
Weak wrist extensors, biceps Sensory deficit to thumb/index finger 18% of cervical radiculopathies
65
C7 myotome
Weak triceps, thumb extension Sensory deficit to middle finger Decreased triceps reflex 46% of cervical radiculopathies
66
L4 myotome
Weak DF, iliopsoas, quads Sensory deficit to knee and medial shin Decreased patellar tendon reflex
67
L5 myotome
Weak big toe extension and ankle DF Sensory deficit to top of foot and big toe 40% of lumbosacral radiculopathies
68
S1 myotome
Weak ankle PF Sensory deficit to little toe and lateral foot Decreased Achilles reflex 45-50% of lumbosacral radiculopathies
69
how are peripheral nerves formed
Anterior rami from spinal nerves merge with one or more rami to form a plexus (network) that give rise to multisegmental peripheral nerves that innervate a muscle
70
UMN
Upper motor neuron is that neuron that has direct communication with the cortex
71
Lower motor neuron
Lower motor neuron is that neuron that has communication with muscle/end organ
72
UMN lesion
Lesion of connection to cerebral hemisphere
73
LMN lesion
Lesion of connection to muscle
74
UMN lesion signs and symptoms
Altered motor activity Spasticity (hypertonicity) Hyper-reflexia Positive Babinski sign Toes up-going and flared
75
LMN lesion signs and symptoms
Altered motor activity Flaccid paralysis (hypotonicity) Hypo-reflexia/areflexia Muscle fasciculations
76
Muscle fasciculations
small, rapid, involuntary contractions in that are too weak to move a limb muscle twitch

Anatomy LE (13 decks)

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