Neuro Flashcards
upper extremities in spastic flexed position with internal rotation and adduction with lower extremities in spastic extended position, internally rotated, and adducted
decorticate rigidity
upper and lower extremities in spastic extension, adduction, and internal rotation with wrist and fingers flexed, plantar portions of the feet flexed and inverted, trunk extended, and head retracted
decerebrate rigidity
what reflexes will be impaired with midbrain damage
righting reflexes
what reflexes will be impaired with basal ganglia damage
equilibrium reactions and protective extension
what is a common feature of cerebellar damage
ataxia
what is a critical difference between a coma and vegetative state
sleep-wake cycle
3 behavioral areas of the Glasgow coma scale
motor responses
verbal responses
eye opening
describe the levels of eye opening for the Glasgow coma scale and their related point values
no response (1)
response to pain not applied to face (2)
response to commands/verbal stimuli (3)
spontaneous eye opening (4)
describe the levels of verbal responses for the Glasgow coma scale and their related point values
no response (1) incomprehensible speech (2) inappropriate words (3) confused but able to answer questions (4) oriented to person, place, time (5)
describe the levels of motor responses for the Glasgow coma scale and their related point values
no response (1)
extension response to pain (decerebrate) (2)
flexion response to pain (decorticate) (3)
withdrawals from pain (4)
purposeful movement to pain (5)
obeys commands for movement (6)
describe the scoring for the Glasgow coma scale
below 8: severe brain injury
9-12: moderate brain injury
> 14: minor brain injury
Describe level I of the Rancho Los Amigos Scale of Cognitive Functioning
no response
Describe level II of the Rancho Los Amigos Scale of Cognitive Functioning
generalized response; inconsistent and non-purposeful reactions to stimuli
Describe level III of the Rancho Los Amigos Scale of Cognitive Functioning
localized response; reacts specifically to stimuli, though inconsistently
Describe level IV of the Rancho Los Amigos Scale of Cognitive Functioning
confused/agitated
Describe level V of the Rancho Los Amigos Scale of Cognitive Functioning
confused, inappropriate, non agitated
Describe level VI of the Rancho Los Amigos Scale of Cognitive Functioning
confused and appropriate
Describe level VII of the Rancho Los Amigos Scale of Cognitive Functioning
automatic and appropriate
Describe level VIII of the Rancho Los Amigos Scale of Cognitive Functioning
purposeful and appropriate
What Ranchos Los Amigo Score would an individual with heightened activity state and severe decreased ability to process information; max A with brief attention
Ranchos Los Amigos Scale IV
What Ranchos Los Amigo Score would an individual with alert with fairly consistent reactions; complex commands cause random responses; max A no goal directed behavior and ataxia
Ranchos Los Amigos Scale V
What Ranchos Los Amigo Score would an individual with goal-directed behavior but dependent on external output for direction; mod A for 30 minutes of attention; NEW LEARNING
Ranchos Los Amigos Scale VI
What Ranchos Los Amigo Score would an individual that behaves appropriately and is oriented to place and routine but displays shallow recall; min A for ADLs; carryover of new learning
Ranchos Los Amigos Scale VII
What Ranchos Los Amigo Score would an individual that is alert and oriented and able to recall and integrate past and recent events; SBA for 1 hour of attention; increased rate of depression due to awareness
Ranchos Los Amigos Scale VIII
what is the top priority in the acute phase of a TBI
positioning and PROM
what is the preferred position for clients with abnormal tone following a TBI
side lying or semi-prone
provides sensory input
if spasticity is present following a TBI what splint would be prescribed as well as the wear schedule
resting hand splint when not involved in activity (alternating 2 hour periods)
anti-spasticity splint- abduct the fingers
what system should be used to track arousal and alertness to establish a method of communication initially
yes-no system (can be done through eye blinks)
what may be treated through interventions that focus on compensatory strategies for control such as weighting of body parts and use of weighted utensils/cups
ataxia
what may be treated through hand-over-hand exercises to repair damaged neural pathways; pictures or written steps may also work
apraxia
at what stage of rehabilitation would you most likely be able to use errorless learning, fading cues, and positive encouragement to restore competence in self-maintenance roles for TBI
post acute rehabilitation
birth defect caused when the backbone and spinal canal do not close before birth
myelomeningocele
growth of a cyst in the spinal cord
syringomyelia
complete injuries that have some innervation of dermatomes below the level of the injury; strengthening these muscles may dramatically improve functional performance
zone of partial preservation
initial stage of SCI that may last between 24 hours and 6 weeks where reflex activity ceases below the level of the injury, eventually resulting in spasticity
spinal shock
what level of SCI would indicate the need for respiratory assistance and an electric WC with sip and puff capabilities
C1-C4
what level of SCI would indicate the ability to breathe on one’s one, ability to raise the arms and flex the elbow and use an electric WC with hand controls
C5
what level of SCI would indicate moderate assistance for personal care, some wrist extension, and possibility of driving a vehicle with hand controls
C6
what level of SCI would indicate limited assistance for personal care; elbow extension, wrist flexion/extension, and partial finger movement; independent transfers
C7
what level of SCI would indicate partial assistance for heavy duty domestic care
C8
what level of SCI would indicate normal UE ROM and strength
T1-T5
what level of SCI would indicate the possibility of standing in a standing frame or walking with braces
T6-T12
what level of SCI would indicate partial paralysis in the hips and legs and possibility of walking with braces
L1-L5
what level of SCI would indicate the likelihood of walking with assistance and ability to load a WC into a car independently
S1-S5
if sensation or return of motor function does not occur in _________ after the injury, motor function is less likely to return
24-48 hours
most recovery for a SCI occurs in the first ________ post injury and continues for ___________ or longer with a slower rate of recovery
3 months
18 months
positioning for orthostatic hypotension
supine with feet elevated above the heart
positioning for autonomic dysreflexia
standing, loosening restrictive clothing/devices, and checking catheter for obstruction
visual inspection for asymmetry of LE color, size, and temperature is essential for identifying a
deep vein thrombosis
type of pain that occurs with muscle over use
nociceptive
type of paint that occurs with nerve damage
neuropathic
the initial physical evaluation for a SCI should start with
identification of precautions to identify how much movement and load is allowed without jeopardizing spinal integrity
assessment completed by the health care team and includes measures of ADL performance, sphincter control, respiration, and mobility for spinal cord injuries
the spinal cord independence measure
assessment specific for clients with tetraplegia
The quadriplegia index of function
phase of SCI recovery focused on environmental control, positioning, and ROM
acute recovery phase
what should be the position of the UEs in the acute phase of recovery for SCI
80° shoulder abduction external rotation scapular depression elbow extension forearm pronation
how often should weight shifts occur
every 30-60 minutes
important physical interventions for C5 SCI
mobile arm support and universal cuff for activity and grasp
important physical interventions for C6-C7 SCI
wrist-drive wrist-hand (tenodesis) splint for functional activity and pinch strength
important physical interventions for C8 SCI
grasping objects with MCP extension and PIP/DIP flexion
communication impairment is most commonly caused by damage to the
left hemisphere of the brain
loss of all language ability
global aphasia
broken speech, slow, labored speech with frequent mispronunciations
Broca’s aphasia
impaired auditory reception; speech may be fluent but is often meaningless of nonsensical
Wernicke’s aphasia
difficulty finding words
anomic aphasia
articulation disorder resulting from paralysis of the organs of speech
dysarthria
difficulty completing planned movements
motor apraxia
difficulty conceptualizing planned, multistep movements
ideational apraxia
difficulty recognizing objects
visual agnosia
common psychosocial disorder as a result of a stroke
depression
the barthel index, FIM, COPM, assessment of motor and process skills, stroke impact scale, and Arnadottir OT-ADL scale are common assessments for what type of injury
stroke
multidisciplinary team assessment that addresses several client factors for a stroke
National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
functional test for the hemiplegic/paretic UE, arm mobility test, and wolf motor function test are all assessments specific to what
UE with hemiparesis
assessment not within the context of functional task performance used to assess postural adaptation
Berg Balance Scale
Functional Reach Test
approach to address environmental and activity considerations which has shown significant effectiveness in stroke rehabilitation compared with traditional therapy approaches; see’s person and environment as heterarchical organized
task-oriented approach
useful activities to address postural adaptation in standing for stroke recovery
kitchen tasks
allow for sturdy support with use of countertop if postural correction is needed
impairment of voluntary and spontaneous movement initiation resulting in freezing, especially during gait for PD, also present in Huntington’s disease
akinesia
slowed motor movement
bradykinesia
decreased coordination of movement
dysmetria
muscle stiffness that impairs movement
rigidity
involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation observed as a muscle twitch
fasciculation
small rapid steps resulting from a forward-tilted head and trunk posture
festinating gait
numbness and tingling because of sensory nerve changes
paresthesia
typical initial symptoms of MS
vision, dizziness, weakness
impaired balance and coordination while performing voluntary movement
ataxia
a sudden loss of vision with pain in or behind the eye, with symptoms possibly subsiding after 3-6 weeks without residual impairments. common with MS
optic neuritis
slow enunciation with frequent hesitations at the beginning of words or syllables. common with MS
scanning speech
lability is generally attributed to damage of which area of the brain
frontal lobe; right side
MS that has a fluctuating course of relapses with associated neurologic deficits, followed by periods of relative quiet
relapse-remitting
MS characterized by cessation of fluctuations with slow deterioration
secondary progressive
MS characterized by fluctuation with relapses and deterioration between relapses
secondary progressive with relapses
MS characterized by deterioration from the beginning
primary progressive
MS characterized by progression with relapses
progressive relapsing
medication used for functional skills
methylprednisolone
gabapentin is used for
pain
oxybutynin is used for
urinary problems
assessment of short distance walking, hand function, and cognition for MS
MS functional composite
one of the most important assessments for MS that measures endurance
Modified Fatigue Impact Scale
goals for MS should be
compensatory
contraindications to intervention for MS
hot temperature modalities (moist heat or fluidotherapy) and over exertion
therapeutic exercise for MS should be done
at submaximal resistance with frequent repetition to avoid overuse
encouraging proximal stabilization and hand-over-hand techniques for fine motor tasks can be useful in the presence of what symptom
ataxia
primary brain areas affected in parkinsons and the neurotransmitter that is diminished
basal ganglia/substantia nigra
dopamine
speed and accuracy of motor skills, postural stability, cognition, affect, and expression are mediated by what neurotransmitter
dopamine
condition in which people experience symptoms similar to those of parkinsons but the cause is related to the ingestion of drugs or other toxic chemicals (drugs to treat mental illness)
secondary parkinsonism
jerky sometimes painful movement with joint mobility most commonly in the UEs
cogwheel motions
smaller handwriting
micropraphia
reduced volume of speech
hypophonia
clinical stage of PD with unilateral symptoms, resting tremor, and none or minimal loss of function
stage 1
clinical stage of PD with bilateral symptoms, balance unaffected, problems with trunk mobility and postural reflexes
stage 2
clinical stage of PD with impaired balance secondary to postural instability, mild/moderate impaired function
stage 3
clinical stage of PD with decreased postural stability, decreased function, impaired mobility, need for assistance with ADLs, and poor fine motor and dexterity
stage 4
clinical stage of PD with total dependence for mobility and ADLs
stage 5
medication used for PD that increases dopamine with side effects of nausea and dyskinesia
levodopa
application of heat via an electrode or y-knife radiosurgery to destroy part of the thalamus to reduce tremors with PD with effects lasting more than 10 years
thalamotomy
application of heat via an electrode or y-knife radiosurgery to destroy part of the globus pallidus to reduce tremors, shuffling gait, flat affect, rigidity, and bradykinesia for PD with the effects lasting about 5 years
pallidotomy
delivery of electrical impulses to areas of the brain through an implanted device to reduce tremor for PD; has an external switch that can be turned on/off; generator must be replaced every 3-5 years
deep brain stimulation
clinical stage of PD with unilateral symptoms, resting tremor, and none or minimal loss of function
stage 1
clinical stage of PD with bilateral symptoms, balance unaffected, problems with trunk mobility and postural reflexes
stage 2
clinical stage of PD with impaired balance secondary to postural instability, mild/moderate impaired function
stage 3
clinical stage of PD with decreased postural stability, decreased function, impaired mobility, need for assistance with ADLs, and poor fine motor and dexterity
stage 4
clinical stage of PD with total dependence for mobility and ADLs
stage 5
medication used for PD that increases dopamine with side effects of nausea and dyskinesia
levodopa
application of heat via an electrode or y-knife radiosurgery to destroy part of the thalamus to reduce tremors with PD with effects lasting more than 10 years
thalamotomy
application of heat via an electrode or y-knife radiosurgery to destroy part of the globus pallidus to reduce tremors, shuffling gait, flat affect, rigidity, and bradykinesia for PD with the effects lasting about 5 years
pallidotomy
delivery of electrical impulses to areas of the brain through an implanted device to reduce tremor for PD; has an external switch that can be turned on/off; generator must be replaced every 3-5 years
deep brain stimulation
interventions using counting or singing to help clients fine tune movement is useful for which disorder
PD
symptoms of ALS progress
distal to proximal
corticobular tract symptoms of ALS
dysphagia and dysarthria
client factors typically not affected by ALS (4)
cognition
vision and hearing
sensation
bowel and bladder control
stage of ALS characterized by having the ability to walk, independence with ADLs, but some weakness
stage 1
stage of ALS characterized by ability to walk but moderate weakness
stage 2
stage of ALS characterized by ability to walk but severe weakness
stage 3
stage of ALS characterized by requiring a WC for mobility, assistance with ADLs, and severe leg weakness
stage 4
stage of ALS characterized by requiring a WC for mobility, dependence for ADLs, and severe weakness in arms and legs
stage 5
stage of ALS characterized by being confined to bed and dependence for ADLs and self-care
stage 6
what does death typically occur secondarily to with ALS
respiratory failure
medication used for ALS
riluzole
initial symptoms of ALS
small muscle weakness of hands, asymmetrical foot drop (with or without night cramps in the calves)
inflammatory disease that causes demyelination of axons in the peripheral nerves with rapid symmetrical progression of symptoms and ascending pattern of flaccid paralysis that starts in the feet; may affect respiratory muscles
Guillan-Barre syndrome
stage of GBS with acute weakness in at least 2 extremities that reaches maximum in 2-4 weeks (30% need mechanical ventilation)
onset and acute inflammatory stage
stage of GBS where symptoms are most disability with little or no change over a few days or weeks
plateau phase
stage of GBS with remyelination and axonal regeneration occurs over 2 years starts at the head/neck and traveling distally
recovery phase
description of sensation loss in GBS
glove and stocking distribution
hereditary neurological disorder that leads to severe physical and metal disabilities
Huntington’s disease
rapid involuntary irregular movement of distal extremities and face that increase during stressful situations and lessen or absent during voluntary motor activities and sleep; characteristic of Huntington’s disease
chorea
motor restlessness. characteristic of Huntington’s disease
Akathisia
abnormal, sustained posturing of a body part, typically the arms, head, or trunk. characteristic of Huntington’s disease
dystonia
medication used to reduce chorea
haloperidol
assesses changes in the areas of motor function, cognitive function, functional capacity, and behavioral abnormalities for Huntington’s disease
Unified Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale
cerebrovascular disease (series of small strokes) leading to focal lesions on the brain and neurotransmitter disruption; less severe memory involvement; gait disturbance; sudden appearance of symptoms; emergency medical treatment necessary
vascular dementia
form of dementia characterized by disinhibited behavior, decreased social tact, lack of empathy and interest; immediate distinct onset
frontotemporal dementia
form of dementia with parkinosonism like symptoms
dementia with lewy bodies
involuntary resistance to passive movement of the extremities
paratonia
at what stage of dementia would an individual believe that they are in an earlier stage of life, unable to live alone, and can no longer attend to ADLs
middle
what does the Blessed dementia scale measure
cognition
Allen’s cognitive level characterized by automatic actions, total cognitive assist, limited attention, motor responses to one-word commands, assistance with mobility, dependent for ADLs, and 24-hour supervision
level 1
Allen’s cognitive level characterized by postural actions, maximum cognitive assistance, one step motor actions, ADL imitation, ability to eat finger foods, wandering, around the clock supervision, and interventions that guide the client through physical actions
level 2
Allen’s cognitive level characterized by manual actions, moderate cognitive assistance, the use of tactile cues, inability to learn new behaviors, the need for routine, ability to perform grooming with sequence assistance, and the need for 24-hour supervision
level 3
Allen’s cognitive level characterized by goal directed activity minimum cognitive assistance, the need for visual and tactile cues, ability to follow 2 or 3 step commands, task set up for ADLs, safety protection for wandering, and 24-hour supervision
level 4
Allen’s cognitive level characterized by exploratory actions standby supervision for cognitive assistance, learning through meaningful stimuli, external cueing, trial-and-error problem solving, 4 to 5 step processes, new learning, independence in ADLs
level 5
Allen’s cognitive level characterized by planned actions, independence, and the absence of disability
level 6
at what cognitive level would you introduce the cordovan stitch
level 5
at which cognitive level would you introduce the whip stitch
level 4
at which cognitive level would you introduce the running stitch
level 3
intervention to prevent self destructive behavior for dementia
milieu therapy
motor learning model where postural adjustment and limb movement linked to learning process; learning not developmental; focus on learning strategies and problem solving rather than specific movements
Carr and Shepard’s Motor Relearning Program (CMP)
stage of motor learning characterized by initial instruction and practice
skill acquisition (cognitive stage)
stage of motor learning characterized by carryover of initially learned skill
skill retention (associated stage)
stage of motor learning characterized by demonstrating a new skill in context
skill transfer (autonomous stage)
sequence of motor learning
initial task near transfer intermediate transfer far transfer very far transfer
FOR characterized by handling
NDT
FOR characterized by diagonals and motor behavior expressed in orderly sequence of patterned movements
PNF
FOR characterized by recovery through 7 sequential stages of motor recovery; focus on synergies
Brunnstrom
FOR characterized by 4 sequential phases: reciprocal inhibition, co-contraction, heavy work, skill; focus on ontogenic motor patterns
Rood
undershooting a target
hypometria
overshooting a target
hypermetria
joints moving separately toward a desired target creating a decomposition of movement
dyssynergia
rigidity with consistent contraction throughout range
lead pipe
dyskinetic; inadequate timing, force, and accuracy of movement
athetosis
unilateral chorea with violent, forceful movements of proximal muscles and extremities
hemiballismus
what type of splint allows for maximum sensory feedback when worn
dorsal based splints
CN responsible for smell; assessed by having the patient sniff various substances
CN I: olfactory
CN responsible for vision; assessed using eye charts and visual field testing
CN II: optic
CN responsible for medial and vertical eye movement and proprioception assessed by visual tracking and pupillary reflex
CN III: oculomotor
CN responsible for downward/inward eye movement assessed by visual tracking
CN IV: trochlear
CN responsible for mastication and face sensation assessed by observing jaw ROM and sensation modalities to the face
CN V: trigeminal
CN responsible for lateral eye movement assessed with visual tracking
CN VI: abducens
CN responsible for facial expression, salivary glands, and taste assessed by observing facial symmetry and taste testing
CN VII: facial
CN responsible for acoustic equilibrium and hearing assessed with a tuning fork
CN VIII: vestibulocochlear
CN responsible for the pharynx, salivary glands, and taste assessed using taste testing and the gag reflex
CN IX: glossopharyngeal
CN responsible for the larynx, pharynx, abdominal organs, and the viscera assessed using the gag reflex
CN X: vagus
CN responsible for the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and soft palate assessed using MMT
CN XI: spinal accessory
CN responsible for tongue movement
CN XII: hypoglossal
postural intervention for swallowing
chink tuck with forward head tilt
swallowing adaptation with prolonged tongue contract for a prolonged rise of the larynx
Mendelsohn’s maneuver
standardized test of sensory integration with a focus on vestibular in 3 areas (1) bilateral motor coordination (2) postural control (3) reflex integration
DeGangi-Berk Test of Sensory Integration
anterior/ventral horn cells are:
efferent motor neurons
posterior/dorsal horn cells are:
afferent sensory neurons
fight or fight emergency response system; raises HR, BP, constricts vessels, inhibits peristalsis
sympathetic
restores homeostasis, slows HR and BP, increased peristalsis
parasympathetic
artery responsible for stroke that involves aphasia and apraxia (when left sided) unilateral neglect (when right sided)
middle cerebral artery
artery responsible for stroke that involves grasp reflex, incontinence, confusion, apathy, and mutism
anterior cerebral artery
artery responsible for stroke that involves homonymous hemianopsia, thalamic pain, hemi-sensory loss, alexia (reading aloud and understanding written word)
posterior cerebral artery
what are pseudo-bulbar signs of a stroke
dysphagia, dysarthria, emotional instability
ASIA classification characterized by no sensory/motor function preserved in sacral segments
ASIA A
ASIA classification characterized by sensory but no motor function preserved below level and through sacrum
ASIA B
ASIA classification characterized by motor function preserved below level, key muscle groups below level less than 3/5
ASIA C
ASIA classification characterized by motor function preserved below level and key muscle groups below more than 3/5
ASIA D
ASIA classification characterized by normal sensory and motor function
ASIA E
clinical SCI syndrome typically the result of hyperextension injuries where the UE are worse than the LE
central cord
clinical SCI syndrome that is typically the result of trauma resulting in hemi-section of the spinal cord
brown-sequard syndrome
clinical SCI syndrome that is typically the result of flexion injuries and result in bilateral loss of motor function, pain, pinprick, and temperature sensation below the lesion
anterior cord syndrome
clinical SCI syndrome that is typically the result of injury to the posterior columns, loss of proprioception
posterior cord syndrome
clinical SCI syndrome that is typically the result of injury to the sacral cord and lumbar nerve roots; LE sensory and motor loss, areflexic bowel and bladder
conus medularis
clinical SCI syndrome that is typically the result of injury at L1 and below; flaccid paralysis with no spinal reflex; areflexic bowel and bladder
cauda equina
cerebral palsy characterized by a lesion in the motor cortex and spasticity with flexor and extensor imbalance
spastic cerebral palsy
cerebral palsy characterized by a lesion in the basal ganglia and fluctuations in muscle tone (dystonia, athetosis, chorea)
dyskinetic cerebral palsy
cerebral palsy characterized by a lesion in the cerebellum, hypotonia and ataxic movement, lack of stability and co-activation, and primitive patterns of movement
ataxic cerebral palsy
involuntary, non repetitive movement, occasionally stereotyped affecting distal, proximal, and axial musculature in various combinations; present in basal ganglia disorders
dyskinesias
brief and rapid contraction of a muscle or group of muscles
myoclonus
failure of the spinal cord vertebral arches to fully form to enclose the neural tube causing protrustion
spina bifida
spina bifida with bony malformation and separation of vertebral arches with no external manifestations; may not be discovered until late adulthood
spina bifida oculta
spina bidifda with external manifestations with the site covered
occult spinal dysraphism (OSD)
spina bifida with an exposed pouch containing the spinal cord and meninges
spina bifida cysta
spina bifida with protrusion of the sack through the spine containing CSF and meninges
meningocele
spina bifida with protrustion through the spine containing CSF, meninges, SC, and nerve roots
myelomeningocele
occurs when the SC is stretched from compression or entrapment, can be developmental or the result of an injury
tethered cord syndrome
a ventriculoperitoneal shunt is used to treat what syndrome and is crucial to monitor blockage and infection
spina bifida
most common form of muscular dystrophy characterized by enlarged calf muscles and forearm/thigh muscles; progressive proximal joint weakness; Trendelenburg gait and Gower’s sign; survive to 20’
Duchene’s muscular dystrophy
waddling gait
Trendelenburg sign
crawling the hand up the thighs to move from floor to standing
Gower’s sign
form of Duchene’s muscular dystrophy that progresses slower and is less severe/predictable; there is loss of motor function, enlarged calves, and cardiac involvement with survival into late adulthood
Becker’s muscular dystrophy
muscular dystrophy detected at birth with anterior horn cell loss; stable, progressive, and mild with weakness, deformities, and contractures; includes congenital heart defects, spinal defects, torticollis, and diaphragm involvement
arthogryposis multiplex congenita
muscular dystrophy that develops between 10 and 30 and affects the proximal pelvis and shoulder muscles initially with slow progress
limb-girdle muscular dystrophy
muscular dystrophy that appears early in adolesence and affects the face, UEs, and scapula with slow progress
fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
type of spinal muscular dystrophy that develops in birth/infancy also called Werdnig Hoffman disease with a life expectancy of 2 years
type I
type of spinal muscular dystrophy that develops in children with a life expectancy into early childhood
type II
type of spinal muscular dystrophy that develops in older children with the later the onset being less severe
type III
type of spinal muscular dystrophy that develops in adolescents and adults and is less severe
type IV
A weakness and rapid fatigue of muscles under voluntary control innervated by the CNs
myasthenia gravis
a disorder of peripheral nerves that results in progressive weakness in peroneal and distal legs with onset in the teenage years or earlier
Charcot-Marie Tooth disease
disorder with loss of voluntary but preservation of reflexive eye movement, bradykinesia, rigidity, axial dystonia, pseudobulbar palsy, and dementia
progressive supranuclear palsy
type of spinocerebellar degeneration that develops in early childhood/adolescence that is characterized by unsteady gait, UE ataxia, dysarthria, tremor, areflexia, and potentially scoliosis and cardiomyopathy
Frederick’s ataxia
type of spinocerebellar degeneration that results in cerebellum/inferior olive pathology with cerebellar symptoms
cerebellar cortex degeneration
type of spinocerebellar degeneration that develops in young to middle life characterize by spasticity, sensory loss, and autonomic dysfunction
multiple systems degeneration
paralysis of the brachial plexus and the 5th and 6th cranial nerves (sometimes includes C7) with rotator cuff muscles and deltoid and biceps paralyzed and presents in a waiters tip position; contractures develop
Erb’s palsy
paralysis of lower brachial plexus (CN7 and CN9 and sometimes T1) with paralysis of the hand and wrist with ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome
Klumpke’s palsy
disorder characterized by excessive pupil constriction (miosis), drooped eye lid (ptosis), and facial anhidrosis (inability to sweat normally)
Horner Syndrome; Klumpke’s palsy
Guillan-Barre presents with more ________ than _________ dysfunction
weakness than sensory
disorder of recovered motor neurons breaking down and causing new muscle weakness with onset 15 years post-recovery
post-polio syndrome
chronic muscle lengthening and shortening causing muscle misalignment and stress to soft tissues
postural stress syndrome (PSS)
habituated movement dysfunction
movement adaptation syndrome (MAS)
poor _________ processing is characterized by impaired body scheme, somatodyspraxia, awkward motor control, manipulation, and coordination
tactile
poor __________ processing is characterized by poor awareness, clumsiness, awkwardness, distractibility, motor planning, the need for visual cues, poor force modulation, and seeks resistance/presure
proprioceptive
poor __________ processing is characterized by low muscle tone, postural-ocular deficits, poor balance/equilibrium reactions, impaired bilateral coordination, low endurance, and deficient motor planning
vestibular
sensory based motor disorder involves the ________ and ________ systems and is characterized by _________ and __________
proprioceptive
vestibular
dyspraxia
postural disorders
seizures that involve widespread involvement of both sides of the brain
primary generalized
seizures that involve a small local area and can quickly spread (secondary generalized)
partial seizures
type of primary seizure common in children that begins with a brief warning and includes a tonic phase, clonic phase, and postical state
tonic-clonic/grand mal
type of primary seizure that is difficult to control that involves involuntary jerking and loss of tone
myoclonic-akinetic seizure
type of partial seizure that involves an abnormal impulse loop typically in the motor cortex of the frontal lobe and involves involuntary repetetive jerking of the hand/arm; can become generalized and lead to LOC
simple seizure
type of partial seizure where symptoms vary and include an alteration in consciousness and responsiveness; person may appear confused, dazed, smack their lips, chew, and have visual/auditory sensations prior to the seizure
complex/psychomotor seizure
seizure that includes dropping of the head and flexion of the arms; can occur up to 100 times a day; poor prognosis and may eventually be replaced by other seizures
infantile spasms/West syndrome/jackknife epilepsy
seizures that occur in children that are severe and related to intellectual disability; seizures vary throughout life and are hard to control; may lead to brain disorders and regression
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
progressive encephalopathy that involves loss of language skills, auditory agnosia, and behavioral disturbances
Landau-Kleffner syndrome
acquired epileptic aphasia
most common type of seizure in children that last for 10 minutes with LOC, generalized jerking, grand mal seizure, and no damage
simple ferbile seizure
prolonged seizure or seizures in rapid progression that can be triggered when medication is stopped abruptly and can be life threatening; typically occurs with tonic-clonic seizures that are not well controlled
status epilpeticus
recovery position for seizures
side-lying
deficit in organizing and assembling parts into a whole.
constructional disorder
inability to perceive depth in relation to self and others
stereopsis
when a motion in one extremity is copied in the opposite extremity
associated reaction
when does spasticity limit ROM
when velocity is a factor in movement
with a hemiparetic are, activities should encourage
external rotation
shoulder flexion within 90°
scapular protraction
should overhead pulleys be used with a hemiparetic arm
no
what is best evidence for fall prevention for individuals with dementia
engagement in daily structured activity
