neuro2 Flashcards by Hassan Khokhar

Streptococcus pneumoniae, which is the leading cause of meningitis starting at

> 6 months

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Increases γ-aminobutyric availability at the postsynaptic junction

valproic acid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ethosuximide SE

EFGHIJ
Fatigue
GI
Headache
Itching
Steven Johnson

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

dry eye, dry mouth, decreased taste sensation, retroauricular pain, sensitivity to noise, and facial paralysis

bells paolsy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A lesion of the right vagus nerve (X)

uvula and soft palate to deviate to the left

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Decreased sensation of the left upper cheek

v2 trigeminal maxillary branch

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The postsynaptic receptors for the deficient neurotransmitter are located in what basal ganglia structure (Parkinson)

rmmber the tract substantia niagra to straitum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Direct (excitatory) pathway

Substantia nigra input stimulates the striatum (D1), stimulating the release of GABA, which inhibits GABA release from the GPi, disinhibiting the thalamus via the GPi (thereby increasing movement)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Indirect pathwya

Substantia nigra input stimulates the striatum (D2), releasing GABA that disinhibits STN via GPe inhibition, and STN stimulates GPi to inhibit the thalamus (thereby decreasing movement).

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The nucleus cuneatus (medulla)

light touch, vibration, and proprioceptive senses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

seizing for > 5 mins diagnosis and txt

status epilepticus
start with benzos to terminate seizures
phenytoin to stop recurrence

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

first-line drug for the treatment of generalized tonic-clonic seizures

alproic acid and vigabatrin both act by inhibiting GABA transaminase,

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

musculocuteous nerve innervates

biceps and skin lateral forearm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what nerve fibers are carried in cranial nerve 7

afferent taste fibers from ant 2/3 tongue
general touch/pain around ear
motor function to facial muscles and stapedes
parasymp to ipsilateral lacrimal and submand gland

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

bells palsy signs

loss of taste, post aur pain, lack of facial exp, dry eyes mouth

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

lderly man has an unsteady gait (shuffling), trouble smiling (masked facies), and a rhythmic tremor while resting (pill-rolling tremor at rest).
whjere are the post synapctic neurotransmitter recepetors present in this condition

this is Parkinson

remember dopamine is released form subs niagra to striatum (putamen and caudate)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Receptors for the neurotransmitter that is deficient in parkinson are most concentrated in which of the following brain regions

putamen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

binding to the inactive form of sodium channels, stabilizing them in a closed conformation

phenytoin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the medial part of the hand (hypothenar);

ulnar nerve

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gonococcal conjunctivitis

from birth to around 5th day of life … bilateral conjunctival injection and mucopurulent discharge. Erythromycin eye drop

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

large cells transmitting cerebellar cortical activity to deep cerebellar nuclei

purkinje cells … secrete GABA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

uncal herniatation

affects medial temporal lobe … CNIII palsy down and out pupil

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Falx cerebri herniations

cingulate gyrus and may compress the anterior cerebral artery, resulting in lower limb weakness and urinary incontinence

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

posterior pituitary herniation, called a central or transtentorial herniation

basilar artery may rupture and cause an abducens nerve palsy.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

pt has diarrhea and ankle knee strength is 3/5 diag it and what is the acid base imbalance

guillane barre … leads to resp failure so RESP ACIDOSI

anion-gap metabolic acidosis can be remembered with the mnemonic MUDPILES

Methanol, Uremia, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Propylene glycol/parcetamol (acetaminophen), Infection/iron/isoniazid, Lactic acidosis, Ethylene glycol, Salicylates).

Phentolamine

antag alpha1 and 2`

hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and advanced age; other risk factors include cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus are risk factors for which type of stroke

ischemic stroke

Treatment for ischemic stroke

thrombolytics (if given <4.5 hours after stroke onset), antiplatelet agents such as aspirin, and anticoagulants such as warfarin.

contralateral hemianopia with possible macular sparing.

PCA stroke

how to differentiate encephalitis vs meningitis

Patient's with encephalitis are more likely to present with behavioral and neurological signs that are associated with the area of the brain infected as is seen in this patient's problems with memory. sporadic HSV1 .. affects temporal lobes

HSV1 encephalitis can include

gingivostomatitis (with lesions around the lips and gums), keratoconjunctivitis, and herpes labialis

amytriptaline mechanism and other drug that has same mechanis,

y inhibiting presynaptic neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT). cocaine

colanzapine

atypical antipsychotic that blocks postsynaptic dopamine and 5-HT receptors

es of 0–6 months, the three most common causes of meningitis are

grp b sterpt e coli listeria

first-line therapy for spasticity in patients with MS

baclofen ctivating GABAB receptors and inhibiting the transmission of both monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes at the level of the spinal cord

meningitis in a young college student living in a dormitory

n.meningitidis most likely

ind to the 30S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting formation of the initiation complex

gentamycin neomycoin | amnoglycsdes

Wilson disease.

ATP7B gene | decreased secretion of copper in the biliary systme

Dysmetria, or lack of coordination, is a type of limb ataxia that localizes to

IPSILATERAL cerebellar hemi

A slipped disc at the L5-S1 level will typically compress the

S1 root decreased sensation of the posterior leg and lateral foot, a diminished ankle-jerk reflex, and weakness of plantarflexion, toe flexion, and foot eversion

weakness of dorsiflexion of foot

L4 L5

weakness plantar flexion and dec achilles tendo reflex

L5 S1

autosomal dominant disorder of neural crest migration failure from the first pharyngeal arch, involving craniofacial abnormalities characterized by an underdeveloped mandible and hypoplastic zygomatic bones

treacher Collins resulting in abnormal facial expression

feature of DiGeorge syndrome.

3rd 4th pharyngeal POUCHES | hypocalemia

external auditory meatus is a derivative of

first branchial CLEFT

Swallowing due to stylopharyngeus muscle is a derivative of

third branchial arch

all antipsychotics can caus EPS like akathisia, rigidity dystonia etc but why

they block dopamine rec in nigrostriatal pathway

mesocortical pathway

dopaminergic pathway ventral tegmental area in midbrain to cerebral cortex involved in motivation and action damage shows negative symp of schizo

mesolimbic pathway

connets ventral tegmental area in midbrain to nucleus acuumbens in ventral striatum

Erection is mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system via the pelvic splanchnic nerves,

S2S3

S2 S4

keep penis off the floor | and anal wink

Emission—

sympathetic hypogastriv nerve | expulsion of sperm from epidydimims to prostatic urethra

aneurysm compresses the posterior communicating artery,

N III palsy, presenting as mydriasis (“blown pupil”), ptosis, or a “down and out” ey

first line agent in cluster headaches

Verapamil is the first-line agent for prophylaxis

Pheochromocytomas are the most common tumors of the adrenal medulla in adults

chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, which are derived from embryonic neural crest cells.

neuroectoderm derivatives include

eurohypophysis, central nervous system neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, retina, and the pineal gland.

Surface ectoderm

adenohypophysis, lens of the eye, epidermis, and the epithelial linings of the skin, ear, eye, and nose

lateral medullary syndrome,

PICA or wallenberg

PICA

CNX --- uvula hoarsness symoathetic compromise---- Horner trigeminal----- ipsilateral facial numbness or pain spinothalamic tract ---- contralateral limb loss of pain/tmp vestibular nuclei ----- disequilibrium diplopia

sedation, postural hypotension, and atropine-like (anticholinergic) side effects including tachycardia, urinary retention, and dry mouth

TCA

Broca aphasia, occurs with a lesion in Broca’s area, most likely located

left inferior frontal gyrus f

Right angular gyrus damage results in

Gerstmann syndrome or hemineglect, along with difficulty writing, calculating, and planning movement

high fever, muscle clonus, tremor, autonomic instability (diaphoresis, hyperthermia, diarrhea), and altered mental status.

serotonin syndrome | SSRI and MAOI

MAO-A,

breaks down tyramine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine,

pt switches from SSRI to tranylcypromine in a week …. develops clonus fever and diarrhea why

must wait atleast two weeks before starting a MAOI

gh fever, muscle rigidity (“lead pipe rigidity”), altered mental status and rhabdomyolysis. (inc CK)

NMS | txt dantrolene

Hair cells on the proximal region of the organ of Corti

responsible for high freq sounds like YOUR WIFE talking damage can lead to presbycusis

how to diff facial nerve palsy and stroke

ask pt to furrow forehead | incase cant do it ---- LMN lesion of the nerve

isited the Adirondacks on a 4-day excursion. He is unable to smile, close his left eye, or wrinkle his forehead on the left side, but has no other neurologic deficits

lyme

pathophysiology of NMS

blockade of dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia, hypothalamus, muscles, and postganglionic sympathetic neurons muscle rigidity, fever, autonomic instability, and elevated creatine kinase

young patient with seziures … takes new med … devps agranulocytosis what is this med

carbamezapine … blocks Na channels inactivates sodium channels and inhibits N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors Cp450 induction

Blocking T-type calcium channels

ethosuximide

progressive, asymmetric muscle weakness in his upper and lower extremities with no clear precipitant (eg, no recent trauma). Bowel and bladder function are intact.

ALS microscopically -- small, angular fibers indicative of muscular atrophy due to lack of neuronal input (denervation atrophy

eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions in neurons

negri bodies | rabies

Endomysial inflammation with lymphocytic infiltration

polymyositis

to damage to the left medial longitudinal fasciculus.

Palsy of the left medial rectus with attempted right lateral gaze e left MLF connects the right nucleus of cranial nerve (CN) VI with the left subnucleus of CN III.

painless, subacute visual loss due to mutations in mitochondrial DNA mother and brother became blind BUT non of the brothers kids experienced this

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)

pt forgets to take insulin on time... problems going grocery on his own.... needs helo with paying bills ... been progressive over 2 months

alzheimers

overflow incontinence (as indicated with the patient's distended bladder and urinary incontinence with deep palpation), lancinating lower extremity pain, Argyll Robertson pupil, and sensory ataxia (indicated by the Romberg sign and loss of vibratory and position sensation). what could be cause of death

cause of death is endarteritis obliterans | tertiary syphilis

what does a positive romberg test suggest

problem with proprioception or vestibular apparatus medial lemniscus ....carries info on proprioception touch and vibration

VHL characterised by

blood vessel grwoth ,,,, hemangiomas/hemangioblastomas in the retina that can rupture -----retinal dettachment

seizures, benign hamartomas, subependymal brain tubers, intellectual disability, renal angiomyolipomas, cardiac rhabdomyomas, astrocytomas, pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis, and cutaneous manifestations (eg, hypopigmented ash-leaf spot, shagreen patch, and facial angiofibromas).

Tuberous sclerosis

1 month old boy cannot keep his head up when in prone psition... weak cry cant keep his posture muscle atrophy and reduced reflexes diag

spinal muscular dystropy . in the anterior horn of spinal cord SM1 gene

anhedonia (loss of pleasure in enjoyable activities), weight changes, feelings of inadequacy, and depressed mood. These are among the classic symptoms of

depression | SIGECAPS