Neuroanatomy- blood supply to the brain

Question 1

the brain’s blood supply consists mainly of the two __ __ arteries and the two __ arteries

Answer 1

internal carotid
vertebral

Question 2

what do the branches of the two internal carotid arteries and the two vertebral arteries in the brain form?

Answer 2

the Circle of Willis

Question 3

what areas of the brain does the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) supply?

Answer 3

anterior frontal lobe
medial surface of frontal and parietal lobes

Question 4

what are the expected possible impairments (10) based on extent of vascular involvement of the anterior cerebral artery?

Answer 4

contralateral lower extremity motor and sensory involvement
loss of bowel and bladder control
loss of behavioral inhibition
significant mental changes
neglect
aphasia
apraxia
agraphia
perseveration
akinetic mutism with significant bilateral involvement

Question 5

akinetic mutism

Answer 5

a neurological disorder characterized by lack of voluntary movement and speech, while the individual remains awake and conscious

akinetic: lack of voluntary movement
mutism: difficulty speaking or complete lack of speech

Question 6

what artery of the brain is the most common site for CVA?

Answer 6

middle cerebral artery

Question 7

what areas of the brain does the middle cerebral artery (MCA) supply?

Answer 7

most of outer cerebrum
basal ganglia
posterior and anterior internal capsule
putamen
pallidum
lentiform nucleus

Question 8

what are the expected possible impairments (8) based on extent of vascular involvement of the middle cerebral artery?

Answer 8

Wernicke’s aphasia in dominant hemisphere
homonymous hemianopsia
apraxia
flat affect with right hemisphere damage
contralateral weakness and sensory loss of face and upper extremity with lesser involvement in lower extremities
impaired spatial relations
anosognosia in non-dominant hemisphere
impaired body schema

Question 9

homonynous hemianopsia

Answer 9

a neurological condition where a person experiences vision loss in the same half of each eye, typically due to damage to the visual pathway in the brain; can be complete (affecting entire half of visual field) or incomplete (portion of half of visual field is preserved); congruent (visual field defect is identical in both eyes) or incongruous (there are differences in the defects between the two eyes)

homonymous: same side
hemianopsia: half vision loss

Question 10

apraxia

Answer 10

a neurological disorder that affects the ability to plan and execute purposeful movements, particularly related to speech and language

Question 11

ideomotor apraxia

Answer 11

difficulty initiating and planning purposeful movements

Question 12

ideational apraxia

Answer 12

inability to understand the concept or purpose of a movement

Question 13

oral apraxia

Answer 13

difficulty coordinating the muscles of the mouth and face to produce speech sounds

Question 14

limb apraxia

Answer 14

difficulty with purposeful movements of the arms or legs

Question 15

symptoms of flat affect

Answer 15

blunted affects; reduced or diminished expressions of emotions characterized by:

decreased facial expression
monotonous/reduced vocal tone
lack of emotional responsiveness
inability to show appropriate emotional reactions to situations

Question 16

anosognosia

Answer 16

neurological condition in which the patient is unaware of their neurological deficits or psychiatric condition

Question 17

what areas of the brain (6) does the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) supply?

Answer 17

portion of midbrain
subthalamic nucleus
basal nucleus
thalamus
inferior temporal lobe
occipital and occipitalparietal cortices

Question 18

what are the expected possible impairments (13) based on extent of vascular involvement of the middle cerebral artery?

Answer 18

contralateral pain and temperature sensory loss
contralateral hemiplegia (central area), mild hemiparesis
ataxia, athetosis or choreiform movement
impaired quality of movement
thalamic pain syndrome
anomia
prosopagnosia with occipital infarct
hemiballismus
visual agnosia
homonymous hemianopsia
memory impairment
alexia, dyslexia
cortical blindness from bilateral involvement

Question 19

hemiplegia

Answer 19

complete paralysis on one side of the body, typically affecting the arm, leg and sometimes the face

Question 20

hemiparesis

Answer 20

partial weakness or loss of muscle function on one side of the body

Question 21

ataxia

Answer 21

neurological condition characterized by the loss of voluntary coordination of muscle movements

Question 22

symptoms of ataxia

Answer 22

balance impairments
impaired coordination
impaired speech
impaired swallowing
impaired eye movements

Question 23

what are the 3 types of ataxia

Answer 23

cerebellar ataxia
sensory ataxia
vestibular ataxia

Question 24

cerebellar ataxia impairments

Answer 24

movement coordination

Question 25

sensory ataxia impairments

Answer 25

disruption in sense of body position

Question 26

vestibular ataxia

Answer 26

balance impairments

Question 27

athetosis

Answer 27

movement disorder characterized by slow, involuntary, writhing movements typically affecting the distal extremities (hands, feet) but can also involve the face and trunk (basal ganglia involvement)

Question 28

chorea

Answer 28

movement disorder characterized by brief, jerky, involuntary movements that are unpredictable and irregular, often affecting the distal extremities (hands, feet) but can also involve the face or trunk

Question 29

thalamic pain syndrome

Answer 29

central post-stroke pain chronic pain condition that develops after stroke/other damage to the thalamus, impacting how sensory info is relayed

Question 30

symptoms of thalamic pain syndrome (5)

Answer 30

severe burning or stabbing pain on one side of the body pain that worsens with touch, movement or temperature changes allodynia hypersensitivity to heat and cold numbness/tingling

Question 31

allodynia

Answer 31

pain in response to normally non-painful stimuli

Question 32

prosopagnosia

Answer 32

face blindness, individuals struggle to recognize faces, despite normal vision

Question 33

hemiballismus

Answer 33

neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary, rapid and forceful movements on one side of the body, typically the limbs 'ballistic' or 'wildly flinging' movements (basal ganglia damage)

Question 34

what is the difference between chorea and hemiballisimus?

Answer 34

chorea is a movement disorder that typically affects the distal limbs and hemiballismus typically affects the limbs on one side of the body

Question 35

visual agnosia

Answer 35

neurological condition where individuals have difficulty recnognozing familiar objects/faces even though their vision is otherwise normal

Question 36

alexia

Answer 36

neurological condition resulting in an acquires inability to read (can range from mild reading deficits to a complete inability to comprehend written language)

Question 37

dyslexia

Answer 37

a neurological disorder that causes difficulty with accurate and fluent word recognition, decoding sounds and spelling that makes it difficulty to read, spell and write even with average intelligence

Question 38

cortical blindness?

Answer 38

a condition where vision loss occurs due to damage to the visual cortex of the brain; results from damage to both occipital lobes, which house the visual cortex

Question 39

bilateral ischemic infarcts to which cerebellar artery most commonly causes cortical blindness?

Answer 39

posterior cerebellar artery in the occipital lobes

Question 40

the vertebral basilar artery supplies what areas of the brain?

Answer 40

lateral aspect of the pons and midbrain together with the superior surface of the cerebellum cerebellum-branches from the basilar artery (posterior inferior cerebellar, anterior inferior cerebellar, superior cerebellar arteries) medulla- posterior cerebellar artery, smaller branches from vertebral arteries pons- branches from the basilar artery midbrain and thalamus- posterior cerebral arteries occipital cortex- posterior cerebral artery, basilar artery

Question 41

what are the expected possible impairments (10) based on extent of vascular involvement of the vertebral-basilar artery?

Answer 41

loss of consciousness hemiplegia or tetraplegia comatose or vegetative state inability to speak locked-in syndrome vertigo nystagmus dysphagia dysarthria syncope ataxia

Question 42

tetraplegia

Answer 42

quadriplegia; paralysis of all four limbs and often the torso

Question 43

locked-in syndrome

Answer 43

neurological disorder where a person is fully conscious and aware but completely paralyzed except for the ability to move their eyes and blink -normal sleep-wake cycles/EEG -normal cognitive function pons/basilar artery is commonly involved

Question 44

dysarthria

Answer 44

motor speech disorder that makes it difficult to control the muscles needed for speaking - slurred speech -diffuculty with pronounciation -slow or rapid speech -changes in voice pitch/volume

Question 45

in the case of cortical blindness, why do the pupils continue to dilate and constrict in response to light?

Answer 45

this occurs without influence of the brain and is considered an autonomic response