Neuroanatomy-CNS forebrain Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
which subdivision of the brain is the largest within the human brain?
A
the telencephalon of the forebrain
2
Q
what structures does the telencephalon consists of?
A
cerebrum (cerebral cortex)
hippocampus
basal ganglia
amygdala
3
Q
what does the cerebrum/cerebral cortex encompass and and what is it further divided into?
A
it encompasses the major portion of the brain and is divided into the right and left cerebral hemispheres
4
Q
what are the right and left cerebral hemispheres joined at the bottom by?
A
corpus callosum (white matter)
5
Q
the corpus callosum is white matter that joins the __ __ ?
A
cerebral hemispheres
6
Q
what is the function of the corpus callosum?
A
to relay information from one side of the brain to the other
7
Q
the surface of the cerebrum contains billions of __ and __ that form the cerebral cortex
A
neurons and glia
8
Q
the outer surface of the cerebrum is composed of __ matter and the inner surface is composed of __ matter
A
gray; white
9
Q
__ and __ define/demark the specific lobes of the brain
A
sulci and fissues
10
Q
what does the interhemispheric fissure (medial longitudinal fissue) separate
A
the two cerebral hemispheres
11
Q
what does the anterior portion of the sylvian fissure (lateral) separate?
A
temporal and frontal lobes
12
Q
what does the posterior portion of the sylvian fissue separate?
A
temporal and parietal lobes
13
Q
what fissure is also known as the medial longitudinal fissure?
A
interhemispheric fissure
14
Q
what fissure is also known as the lateral fissure?
A
sylvian fissure
15
Q
what does the central sulcus (sulcus of Rolondo) separate? and in what direction?
A
frontal and parietal lobes laterally
16
Q
what does the parieto-occipital sulcus separate? and in what direction?
A
the parietal and occipital lobes medially
17
Q
what does the calcarine sulcus separate?
A
the occipital lobe into superior and inferior halves
18
Q
what sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes laterally?
A
the central sulcus
19
Q
what sulcus is also known as the sulcus of rolando?
A
the central sulcus
20
Q
what sulcus separates the parietal and occipital lobes medially
A
parieto-occipital lobe
21
Q
what sulcus separates the occipital lobe into superior and inferior halves?
A
the calcarine sulcus
22
Q
the left hemisphere of the brain has specialization/dominance over what characteristics?
A
language
understanding language
production of written and spoken language
sequencing and performing movements
analytical
controlled
logical
rational
mathetmatical calculations
express positive emotions like love and happiness
process verbally coded information in an organized, logistical and sequential manner
23
Q
what hemisphere of the brain has specialization/dominance over language, understanding language, producing written and spoken language and processing verbally coded information in an organized, logistical and sequential manner?
A
left
24
Q
what hemisphere of the brain has dominance/specialization over sequencing and performing movements?
A
left
25
what hemisphere of the brain is considered analytical, controlled, logical and rational?
left
26
what hemisphere of the brain has dominance/specialization over mathematical calculation?
left
27
what hemisphere of the brain has dominance/specialization over expression of positive emotions like happiness and love?
left
28
the right hemisphere of the brain has specialization/dominance over what characteristics?
nonverbal processing
understanding nonverbal communication
processing information in a holisitic manner
artisitic abilities
general concept comprehension
hand-eye coordination
spatial relationships
kinesthetic awareness
body image awareness
understanding music
mathematical reasoning
expressing negative emotions
29
what hemisphere of the brain has specialization/dominance over nonverbal processing and understanding nonverbal communication?
right
30
what hemisphere of the brain has specialization/dominance over processing information in a holistic manner?
right
31
what hemisphere of the brain has specialization/dominance over artistic abilities and understanding music?
right
32
what hemisphere of the brain has specialization/dominance over expression of negative emotions?
right
33
what hemisphere of the brain has specialization/dominance over hand-eye coordination, kinesthetic awareness, body image awareness and spatial relationships?
right
34
what hemisphere of the brain has specialization/dominance over general concept comprehension and mathematical reasoning?
right
35
what functions does the frontal lobe have control over?
voluntary movement
intellect
orientation
speech
concentration
personality
temper
judgement
reasoning
behavior
self-awareness
executive function
36
what structures within the frontal lobe are involved in control of voluntary movement?
primary motor cortex/precentral gyrus
37
what area within the frontal lobe is involved in control of speech and concentration? what hemisphere is this area typically located in?
Broca's area- left hemisphere
38
what lobe of the brain is associated with voluntary movement, orientation and intellect?
frontal
39
what lobe of the brain is associated with executive functions?
frontal
39
what lobe of the brain is associated with speech and concentration?
frontal
40
what are examples of executive functions?
high level cognitive skills that control and coordinate other mental processes- working memory, inhibition, cognitive flexibility
41
what lobe of the brain is associated with personality, behavior, temper, judgement, self-awareness and reasoning?
frontal
42
impairment of the frontal lobe may present as (7)..
contralateral weakness
perseveration, inattention
personality changes, antisocial behavior
impaired concentration, apathy
Broca's/expressive aphasia
delayed/poor initiation
emotional lability
43
impairment in what lobe may result in Broca's aphasia?
frontal
44
impairment in what lobe may result in contralateral weakness
perseveration, inattention
personality changes, antisocial behavior, impaired concentration, apathy, delayed/poor initiation and/or
emotional lability
frontal
45
what functions does the parietal lobe have control over (5)?
sensation of touch, kinesthesia, perception of vibration and temperature
receives info from other brain areas regarding hearing, vision, motor, sensory and memory
provides meaning for objects
interprets language and words
spatial and visual perception
46
what lobe of the brain receives information from other brain areas regarding hearing, vision, motor, sensory and memory?
parietal
47
what lobe of the brain is associated with the sensation of touch, temperature, kinesthesia and perception of vibration?
parietal
48
what lobe of the brain provides meaning for objects and is involved in visual and spatial perception?
parietal
49
what lobe of the brain interprets language and words?
parietal
50
impairment of the parietal lobe can present as (5)...
dominant hemisphere agraphia, alexia, agnosia
nondominant hemisphere dressing apraxia, constructional apraxia, anosognosia
contralateral sensory deficits
impaired language comprehension
impaired taste
51
what is typically considered the dominant hemisphere?
left
52
what is typically considered the nondominant hemisphere?
right
53
agraphia
impairment or loss of previous ability to write
54
alexia
reading disorder where individuals struggle to comprehend written language despite having intact spelling, writing and speech skills
55
agnosia
neurological disorder where the inability to recognize familiar objects, people or sounds using 1 or more of their senses despite otherwise normally functioning senses, memory and attention
56
dressing apraxia
neurological condition where individuals struggle with the complex task of getting dressed despite physically being capable of doing so
57
constructional apraxia
neurological disorder where individuals struggle to draw, copy or build objects despite having the physical and cognitive abilities to do so
58
anosognosia
neurological condition characterized by a lack of awareness/insight into one's own neurological/mental health condition despite evidence of it
59
what neurological disorder is associated with the parietal lobe and is characterized by the impairment or loss of previous ability to write?
agraphia
60
what neurological disorder is associated with the parietal lobe and is characterized as reading disorder where individuals struggle to comprehend written language despite having intact spelling, writing and speech skills?
alexia
61
what neurological disorder is associated with the parietal lobe and is characterized as the inability to recognize familiar objects, people or sounds using 1 or more of their senses despite otherwise normally functioning senses, memory and attention?
agnosia
62
what neurological disorder is associated with the parietal lobe and is characterized as struggling with the complex task of getting dressed despite physically being capable of doing so?
dressing apraxia
63
what neurological disorder is associated with the parietal lobe and is characterized as struggling to draw, copy or build objects despite having the physical and cognitive abilities to do?
constructional apraxia
64
what neurological disorder is associated with the parietal lobe and is characterized by a lack of awareness/insight into one's own neurological/mental health condition despite evidence of it?
anosognosia
65
impairment in what lobe is associated with dominant hemisphere agraphia, alexia, agnosia and nondominant hemisphere dressing apraxia, constructional apraxia, anosognosia?
parietal
66
impairment in what lobe is associated with contralateral sensory deficits?
parietal
67
impairment in what lobe is associated with impaired language comprehension and taste?
parietal
68
the temporal lobe has control over what functions (6)?
primary auditory processing and olfaction
ability to understand and produce meaningful speech
verbal and general memory
assists with understanding language
interpretation of others' emotions/reactions
69
what area of the brain is associated with the temporal lobe's control over understanding and producing meaningful speech, verbal and general memory and assists with understanding language? which hemisphere is this area typically located in?
Wernicke's area- left hemisphere
70
what area of the temporal lobe is associated with interpreting others' emotions and reactions?
the rear of the temporal lobe
71
what lobe of the brain is associated with primary auditory processing and olfaction?
temporal
72
what lobe of the brain is associated with the ability to understand and produce meaningful speech, verbal and general information and assists with understanding language?
temporal
73
what lobe of the brain interprets others' emotions and reactions?
temporal
74
impairment in the temporal lobe would present as (6)..
learning deficits
Wernicke's/receptive aphasia
antisocial, aggressive behavior
difficulty with facial recognition
difficulty with memory, memory loss
inability to categorize objects
75
impairment in what lobe may result in Werknicke's aphasia?
temporal
76
impairment in what lobe is associated with antisocial, aggressive behavior?
temporal
77
impairment in what lobe is associated with difficulty with facial recognition, memory impairment/loss and an inability to categorize objects?
temporal
78
impairment in what lobe may result in expressive aphasia and antisocial behaviors?
frontal
79
impairment in what lobe may result in receptive aphasia and antisocial behaviors?
temporal
80
what are the main functions (4) of the occipital lobe?
main processing center for visual information
processes visual information regarding colors, light and shapes
judgement of distance
seeing in 3D
81
what lobe of the brain is the main processing center for visual information?
occipital
82
what lobe of the brain processes visual information regarding coloes, lights and shapes, assists in judgement of distance and assists in seeing in 3D?
occipital
83
impairment of the occipital lobe may present as (5)..
homomynous hemianopsia
impaired extraoccular muscle movement and visual deficits
impaired color recognition
reading and writing impairment
cortical blindness with bilateral lobe involvement
84
homomynous hemianopsia
visual field defect where there vision is lost in the same half of the visual field in both eyes
85
impairment in what lobe of the brain may result in homoynous hemianopsia?
occipital
86
impairment in what lobe of the brain may result in impaired extraoccular muscle movement and visual deficits?
occipital
87
impairment in what lobe of the brain may result in impaired color recognition, reading and writing?
occipital
88
impairment in what lobe of the brain may result in cortical blindness with bilateral lobe involvement?
occipital
89
what is cortical blindness with bilateral lobe involvement?
complete or partial vision loss due to damage to the visual cortex in both occipital lobes of the brain
90
what lobe of the brain is the hippocampus deeply embedded in?
lower temporal
91
what functions is the hippocampus responsible for?
forming and storing new memories of one's personal history and other declarative memories
learning language
sends memories to appropriate area of the cerebral hemispheres for long-term storage and
retrieves memories from long terms storage
92
declarative memory
type of long-term memory that involves conscious recall of facts or events
93
what are the two subtypes of declarative memory?
semantic memory
episodic memory
94
what types of memories does the semantic subtype of declarative memory contain?
general knowledge and facts
95
what types of memories does the episodic subtype of declarative memory contain?
personal experiences and events
96
what structure in the brain is responsible for the forming and storing of new declarative memories?
hippocampus
97
what structure of the brain plays an important role in learning language?
hippocampus
98
what structure of the brain sends memories to appropriate areas of the cerebral hemispheres for long-term storage and retrieves memories as needed?
hippocampus
99
what is the basal ganglia composed of?
gray matter masses including the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus substantia nigra and subthalmic nuclei
100
where are the gray matter masses that make up the basal ganglia deeply embedded?
within the white matter of the cerebrum
101
what functions (5) is the basal ganglia responsible for?
voluntary movement
regulation of autonomic movement
posture
muscle tone
control of motor responses
102
basal ganglia dysfunction has been associated with what conditions (6)?
Parkinson's disease
Huntington's disease
Tourette's syndrome
attention-deficit disorder
obsessive compulsive disorder
many addictions
103
what brain structure is composed of the putamen, caudate, globus pallidus, substantia nigra and subthalmic nuclei?
basal ganglia
104
what brain structure is responsible for voluntary movement and control of appropriate motor responses?
basal ganglia
105
what brain structure is responsible for regulation of autonomic movement?
basal ganglia
106
what brain structure is responsible for posture and muscle tone?
basal ganglia
107
dysfunction in what brain structure is associated with Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Tourette's syndrome, attention-deficit disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders and many addictions?
basal ganglia
108
what is the amygdala? where is it located?
a small, almond shaped nucleus within the temporal lobes of each hemisphere, lying adjacent to the hippocampus and just beneath the surface of the front, medial portion of the temporal lobe
109
the position of the amygdala (adjacent to the hippocampus and just beaneath the front medial portion of the temporal lobe) results in a bulge on its surface called the __
uncus
110
the bulge on the surface of the amygdala is called the
uncus
111
what are the main functions of the amygdala?
emotional and social processing
it is involved with:
-fear and pleasure responses
-arousal
-processing of memory
-formation of emotional memories
112
what brain structure's main function is emotional and social processing?
the amygdala
113
what brain structure is involved in fear and pleasure responses as well as arousal?
the amygdala
114
what brain structure is involved in the processing of memory and formation of emotional memories?
the amygdala
115
where is the diencephalon of the forebrain/prosencephalon located?
beneath the cerebral hemispheres
116
what brain structures does the diencephalon contain?
thalamus
hypothalamus
subthalamus
epithalamus
117
the diencephalon functions as an interactive site between __ nervous system and __ system, as well as complimenting the __ system
central; endocrine; limbic
118
the central nervous system interacts with the endocrine and limbic systems via what subsection of the forebrain?
diencephalon
119
the diencephalon is the area of the brain where major __ and __ tracts synapse
sensory and motor
120
major sensory and motor tracts synapse at what area of the forebrain?
diencephalon
121
what does the thalamus act as a relay or processing station for?
the majority of information that goes to the to the cerebral cortex
122
the thalamus receives information from the __, __ and all __ pathways except for the __ tract
cerebellum, basal ganglia and all sensory pathways except for the olfactory tract
123
what does the thalamus coordinate?
sensory perception and movement with other parts of the brain and spinal cord that also have a role in sensation and movement
124
what brain structure coordinates sensory perception and movement with other parts of the brain and spinal cord that also have a role in sensation and movement?
thalamus
125
what brain structure serves as a the relay or processing station for the majority of information that goes to the cerebral cortex?
thalamus
126
the thalamus receive information from all sensory pathaways except the
olfactory pathway
127
where does the thalamus relay information received from the cerebellum, basal ganglia and sensory pathways?
the appropriate association cortex
128
damage to the thalamus can produce what syndrome?
thalamic pain syndrome
129
what is thalamic pain syndrome?
can result from damage to the thalamus; presents as spontaneous pain on the contralateral side of the body compared to the thalamic lesion
130
what neural syndrome presents as spontaneous pain on the contralateral side of the body compared to thalamic lesion?
thalamic pain syndrome
131
what nervous system does the hypothalamus receive and integrate information from?
autonomic nervous system
132
what are the functions of the hypothalamus?
regulation of hormones
body temp regulation
regulation of other vital activities
control of:
hunger
thirst
sexual behavior
sleeping
133
what glands does the hypothalamus regulate?
adrenal and pituitary glands
134
where is the hypothalamus located in the brain?
below the thalamus at the base of the diencephalon
135
what structure of the brain is located below the thalamus at the base of the diencephalon
hypothalamus
136
what brain structure regulates hormones, body temperature, the adrenal gland, the pituitary gland and other vital processes?
hypothalamus
137
what brain structure controls hunger, thirst, sexual behavior and sleeping?
hypothalamus
138
lesions to the hypothalamus can produce a variety of impairments (4)based on the area of damage including..
obesity
sexual disinterest
poor temperature control
diabetes insipidus
139
lesions to what brain structure can produce impairments like obesity, sexual disinterest and/or poor temperature based on the area of damage?
hypothalamus
140
lesions to what brain structure can produce impairments like diabetes insipidus depending on the area of damage?
hypothalamus
141
diabetes inspidus can result from lesions to the hypothalamus-what is diabetes insipidus?
a condition characterized by excessive thirst and frequent urination due to the body's inability to regulate fluid balance
142
what condition caused by lesion to the hypothalamus is characterized by excessive thirst and frequent urination due to the body's inability to regulate fluid balance?
diabetes insipidus
143
diabetes inspidus is associated with problems with what hormone? what does the hormone regulate?
vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH) which regulates fluid retention
144
how is diabetes insipidus different from diabetes mellitus?
diabetes insipidus results from the body's inability to regulate fluid balance where diabetes mellitus results from an inability to regulate blood sugar levels
145
where is the subthalamus located?
between the thalamus and hypothalamus
146
what structure is the subthalamus primarily represented by?
subthalamic nucleus
147
what other brain structures does the subthalamus have an association with?
basal ganglia, specifically the substanstia nigra
148
what is the subthalamus important for regulating?
movements produced by skeletal muscles
149
what brain structure is primarily important for regulating movements produced by skeletal muscles?
subthalamus
150
what structure is the epithalamus primarily represented by?
pineal gland
151
what structure is primarily represented by the pineal gland
epithalamus
152
what does the pineal gland secrete? what processes is it involved in?
secretes melatonin
involved in:
circadian rhythms
the internal clock
selected regulation of motor pathways
emotions
153
what other systems/structures is the pineal gland (and epithalamus) associated with?
the limbic system and basal ganglia
