Neurobiology Final Module 1

Question 1

What the drug does to the target (receptor)

Answer 1

drug action

Question 2

impact drug action has on physiological and psychological functions

Answer 2

drug effect

Question 3

the action of _____ is to block sodium channels which affect the release of glutamate

Answer 3

lamotrigine

Question 4

what is the drug effect of lamotrigine

Answer 4

raise the seizure threshold and stabilize mood

Question 5

this drug is given to reduce certain types of anxiety while also causing reduction in heart rate and blood pressure

Answer 5

propranolol

Question 6

slow and can be impacted by first pass metaboliam

Answer 6

oral route

Question 7

these types of drugs require an active transport pump

Answer 7

ionized

Question 8

why do highly vascular areas such as heart, liver, kidney, and brain have high drug concentrations?

Answer 8

because capillaries are porous

Question 9

area responsible for detecting and responding to toxins by inducing vomiting, do not have a BBB

Answer 9

chemical trigger zone (area postrema)

Question 10

what is the most common depot binding site (silent receptor)

Answer 10

albumin

Question 11

once in the bloodstream, drugs can be bound to other substances like protein or stored in other tissues as inactive substances making them _____ available to target receptors

Answer 11

less

Question 12

sites that cause no appreciable effect causing drugs to be inactivated (when a drug is heavily protein bound)

Answer 12

drug depots (silent receptors)

Question 13

most common metabolic process that takes place through the actions of the cytochrome P450 enzyme chains

Answer 13

biotransformation

Question 14

the whole purpose of the CYP450 enzyme chain is to:

Answer 14

metabolize drugs/hormones

Question 15

causes the enzyme to do its work of metabolizing its substrates

Answer 15

enzyme induction

Question 16

used for mood stabilization, is a strong inducer of 3A4 which can lead to decreased levels of birth control when taken together

Answer 16

carbamazepine

Question 17

a substrate of 3A4 therefore requiring higher doses d/t inducing its own metabolism

Answer 17

carbamazepine

Question 18

cigarette smoking induces CYP450 1A2 which can lead to reduction in levels of substrate drugs such as _____ and _____

Answer 18

antidepressants, caffeine

Question 19

causes substrates to be broken down more slowly

Answer 19

enzyme inhibition

Question 20

an inhibitor of CYP450 2D6 and 3A4 which metabolizes aripiprazole therefore when taken together it will cause aripiprazole to be metabolized more slowly resulting in elevated levels in the bloodstream

Answer 20

fluoxetine

Question 21

any substance that binds to a receptor is a _____

Answer 21

ligand

Question 22

type of receptor in cell wall that alter membrane potential

Answer 22

ion coupled

Question 23

type of receptor in cell wall that cause a prolonged response such as changes in enzyme activity

Answer 23

G protein

Question 24

drugs that initial a cellular response, stimulate the normal response brought about by activating the receptor

Answer 24

receptor agonist

Question 25

centrally acting alpha 2 agonist used for ADHD in children causing stimulation to decrease BP, HR, and vascular resistance while the increased alpha 2 stimulation in PFC leads to improved focus

Answer 25

guanfacine

Question 26

chemicals that bind to the receptor but have no effect but also block the receptor from being stimulated

Answer 26

receptor antagonists

Question 27

used for mood stabilization and seizure d/o, is a glutamate voltage sensitive sodium channel blocker

Answer 27

lamotrigine

Question 28

an excitatory neurotransmitter that when blocked reduces excitatory stimulation

Answer 28

glutamate

Question 29

sometimes referred to as modulators/stabilizers, their action depends on the amount of natural agonist available. If none available it will act as agonist if too much available it will act as an antagonist

Answer 29

partial agonist

Question 30

atypical antipsychotic, partial agonist of D2 and D3 receptors. When levels too high it reduces leading to improvement of +symptoms. When too low it increases resulting in improved cognition, stable mood and reduces -symptoms

Answer 30

cariprazine

Question 31

causes a response where antagonist block

Answer 31

inverse agonist

Question 32

drugs that compete with an agonist by occupying a receptor but creating no response resulting in reduced agonist effects

Answer 32

competitive antagonists

Question 33

competes with opiates for receptors occupying them and causing no response but resulting in a reduction of opiate effect

Answer 33

naloxone (competitive)

Question 34

do not occupy the receptor but reduce the agonist effect in other ways

Answer 34

noncompetitive antagonists

Question 35

occurs when 2 drugs interact to decrease the effect of both drugs on the target receptors (Adderall for ADHD increases HR and metoprolol lowers HR)

Answer 35

physiological antagonism

Question 36

a patient is given an opiate for pain and a benzo for anxiety with a result of increased sedation

Answer 36

additive effect

Question 37

2 drugs given together produce an effect greater than the sum of their individual effects

Answer 37

potentiation

Question 38

when an agonist drug is used long term resulting in reduction of available receptors

Answer 38

down regulation

Question 39

beta receptors stimulate _____

Answer 39

sympathetic responses

Question 40

beta 1 receptors cause _____ HR

Answer 40

increased

Question 41

beta 2 receptors cause

Answer 41

bronchodilation and increased glucose production

Question 42

the extent of the effect produced by a given drug concentration, provides a measure of receptor activity

Answer 42

dose response curve

Question 43

lowest dose that achieves an effect

Answer 43

threshold dose

Question 44

amount of a drug required to achieve desired effect

Answer 44

potency

Question 45

occurs when long-term used reduces the drug that is available to the receptor site such as when a drug induces its own metabolism in the CYP450 system

Answer 45

metabolic tolerance

Question 46

results from changes in the function of nerve cell that occur in response to the presence of the drug

Answer 46

pharmacodynamic tolerance

Question 47

the most studied gene mutations are those responsible for determining the function of specific _____

Answer 47

CYP450 enzymes

Question 48

this gene determines whether folate metabolism occurs normally and mutations can cause a reduction in

Answer 48

methylenetetrahdrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR)

Question 49

when folate is not metabolized in adequate amounts the monoamine levels are _____ leading to increased rates of ______

Answer 49

reduced, depression

Question 50

mutation in histocompatibility complex HLA-B*1502 is common in _____ populations

Answer 50

Chinese

Question 51

process by which neurons transmit signals out to other neurons

Answer 51

divergence

Question 52

when there are normal spines but fewer of them such as in schizophrenia, intellectual function is normal, but the patient has _____ and _____ characteristic of the disorder

Answer 52

cognitive, negative symptoms

Question 53

carry synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters

Answer 53

terminal buttons

Question 54

_____ and _____ in the chemical environment can alter transcription factors leading to changes in protein production

Answer 54

prolonged stress, chronic changes

Question 55

_____ and _____ open the gene to transcription factors which effectively turns the gene "on" so it is expressed

Answer 55

acetylation, demethylation

Question 56

_____ and _____ turn gene "off" by denying access by transcription factors

Answer 56

deacetylation, methylation

Question 57

Alzheimer's disease is in part caused by a problem with _____ responsible for maintaining normal axoplasmic transport through neurofilaments and microtubules

Answer 57

protein tau

Question 58

neurofibrillatory tangles occur when _____ of substance tau causes it to be malformed

Answer 58

hyperphosphorylation

Question 59

_____ works by blocking voltage-gated Na+ channels which means an action potential cannot occur

Answer 59

lidocaine

Question 60

the time it takes for a drug to unbind allows for longer refractory period and reduced rate of firing which decreases ______

Answer 60

seizure activity

Question 61

_____ come from the ventral horn thoracic and lumbar regions. Axons are short and synapse with sympathetic ganglia

Answer 61

efferent sympathetic neurons

Question 62

_____ release acetylcholine to the ganglia and postganglionic cells release NE to target tissues

Answer 62

preganglionic fibers

Question 63

_____ located in either the brain or the ventral horn of the spinal cord at the sacrum. Their axons are long and synapse with ganglia close to target organs

Answer 63

efferent parasympathetic neurons

Question 64

postganglionic fibers also release

Answer 64

acetylcholine

Question 65

controls HR, BP, RR, digestion, coughing, and vomiting

Answer 65

medulla

Question 66

_____ and _____ contain the reticular formation which is key to arousal, attention, sleep, muscle tone, and some cardiac and respiratory reflexes

Answer 66

pons, midbrain

Question 67

a nuclei in the reticular formation that is a cluster or neurons releasing NE causing arousal, vigilance, and increased attention

Answer 67

locus coeruleus

Question 68

amphetamines _____ the function of the locus coeruleus

Answer 68

enhance

Question 69

dorsal and medial raphe nuclei are the course of neurons that release _____

Answer 69

serotonin

Question 70

part of the visual system and controls pupil response

Answer 70

tectum

Question 71

receives visual, auditory, and somatosensory stimuli, information about balance and body position, coordinates time, patterns and skeletal muscle contractions

Answer 71

cerebellum

Question 72

innervates the striatum in the basal ganglia, a group of cells that produce DA for transmission

Answer 72

substantia nigra

Question 73

_____ results from cell death in the substantia nigra

Answer 73

Parkinson's disease

Question 74

ventral tegmental area, limbic system (mesolimbic tract), frontal cortex, cingulate cortex, and entorhinal areas are key to development of:

Answer 74

Schizophrenia and Parkinson

Question 75

established long term memory, spatial memory, and contextual memory, sensitive to changes in stress hormone levels and involved in the development of depression

Answer 75

hippocampus

Question 76

4 classic neurotranmitters

Answer 76

amino acids monoamines acetylcholine purines

Question 77

small protein molecules that stimulate opiate receptors and play a role in drug abuse, take longer to produce and replace than classical neurotransmitters because they can only be produced in the cell body

Answer 77

neuropeptides

Question 78

block serotonin removal by serotonin transporters

Answer 78

SSRIs

Question 79

_____ blocks DA, NE, and serotonin transporters

Answer 79

cocaine

Question 80

drug mimics the neurotransmitter at the receptor

Answer 80

agonist

Question 81

receptor that works fast and is key to process that requires immediate response

Answer 81

ionotropic (ligand-gated channel)

Question 82

slower than ionotropic and the postsynaptic response is slower and longer lasting result. Work by activation of G proteins stimulate or inhibit the opening of ion channels

Answer 82

Metabotropic receptors

Question 83

one of the key functions of second messengers is activation of _____

Answer 83

protein kinases

Question 84

inhibits phosphodiesterase which results in increased cGMP and the relaxation of smooth muscle around blood vessels

Answer 84

Viagra

Question 85

a monoamine oxidase inhibitor that blocks function of monoamine oxidase which is responsible for the breakdown of 5-HT, DA, and NE

Answer 85

phenelzine

Question 86

_____ are agonists for GABA receptors by enhancing the inhibitory effects of GABA

Answer 86

benzodiazepines

Question 87

secretes cortisol, epinephrine and NE in response to stress

Answer 87

adrenal gland

Question 88

secretes melatonin which helps regulate sleep/wake with 5-HT as a precursor for production

Answer 88

pineal gland

Question 89

_____ is a common SE in schizophrenia bc of D2 receptors being blocked

Answer 89

hyperprolactinemia

Question 90

percentage of D2 receptors that must be occupied for relief of schizophrenia symptoms

Answer 90

50