Neurobiology Final Module 8

Question 1

this is a key neurotransmitter in the PNS and in the neuromuscular junction (NMJ).

Answer 1

ACh

Question 2

ACh is stored and released by _____

Answer 2

vesicular ACh transporter (VAChT)

Question 3

ACh levels are controlled by _____

Answer 3

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Question 4

AChE can be found in _____, _____ and _____

Answer 4

presynaptic cell, on the membrane of the postsynaptic cell, NMJ

Question 5

preganglionic neurons whether parasympathetic or sympathetic are _____

Answer 5

cholinergic

Question 6

cholinergic neurons are found in

Answer 6

striatum and the basal forebrain cholinergic system

Question 7

The cholinergic system is key to:

Answer 7

cognitive function

Question 8

what are the 2 main types of cholinergic receptors

Answer 8

muscarinic and nicotinic

Question 9

are ionotropic and concentrated in NMJs and in ganglionic neurons of the ANS

Answer 9

nicotinic

Question 10

are all metabotropic and utilize numerous 2nd messengers, located throughout the brain

Answer 10

muscarinic

Question 11

high concentrations of muscarinic receptors are found in (5)

Answer 11

neocortex
striatum
hippocampus
thalamus
basal forebrain

Question 12

muscarinic receptors mediate DA neuron excitation meaning they likely have an effect in the _____ and _____ of _____

Answer 12

reward
dependance
abused drugs

Question 13

where are muscarinic receptors located (4)

Answer 13

cardiac muscle
smooth muscle of the gut
secretory glands
pancreas

Question 14

blockade of muscarinic receptors causes _____

Answer 14

dry mouth

Question 15

drugs that stimulate muscarinic receptors are _____ and those that block are _____

Answer 15

parasympathomimetic
parasympatholytic

Question 16

conditions necessary to be early-onset Alzheimers

Answer 16

begins before 60
progresses more quickly
has a genetic basis

Question 17

to attribute mild or major NCD to Alzheimers (2)

Answer 17

onset must be insidious
symptoms must progress gradually

Question 18

cellular pathologies in AD are (2)

Answer 18

amyloid plaques
neurofibrillary tangles

Question 19

in AD up to _____ loss of synapses may be the basis for the cognitive deficits

Answer 19

45%

Question 20

risk factors for AD (11)

Answer 20

advanced age
family hx of dementia or AD
obesity
untreated HTN
high cholesterol
stress
sedentary lifestyle
head trauma
depression
bipolar
PTSD

Question 21

_____ are used to treat mild to moderate AD

Answer 21

AChE inhibitors

Question 22

improve cognition by increasing acetylcholine in the synapse by reducing its breakdown, it is reversible (give example)

Answer 22

cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil)

Question 23

prevents the drastic increase in cell firing that leads to excitotoxicity, without significant SEs (example)

Answer 23

NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist memantine (Namenda)

Question 24

in Parkinson’s, _____ is low and the resulting neurotransmitter imbalance contributes to _____

Answer 24

DA
motor symptoms

Question 25

anticholinergic drugs such as (3) are sometimes prescribed instead of L-DOPA in the early stages of Parkinson's

Answer 25

orphenadrine benztropine mesylate trihexyphenidyl

Question 26

is a metabolite of tyrosine which is a precursor of DA, can cross the BBB and is converted to DA by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase

Answer 26

Levodopa

Question 27

_____ cannot cross the BBB

Answer 27

DA

Question 28

what peripheral enzyme inhibitor is given with L-DOPA

Answer 28

carbidopa

Question 29

what is given with L-DOPA to minimize "off period" motor symptoms

Answer 29

MAOI

Question 30

_____ may be used as a monotherapy or to decrease dyskinesias r/t L-DOPA use. It is an NMDA receptor antagonist

Answer 30

amantadine

Question 31

what can be used to reduce psychosis without directly affecting DA levels for PD patients

Answer 31

pimavanserin

Question 32

a neuro-degenerative d/o with a singular genetic cause, patients tend to be unaware of their own symptoms, involuntary jerky movements

Answer 32

huntington's disease

Question 33

in HD motor symptoms result from degenerative effects on the _____

Answer 33

basal ganglia

Question 34

a degenerative d/o with principally motor symptoms, death from resp failure generally in 5 years

Answer 34

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Question 35

a presynaptic inhibitor of glutamate release that blocks glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity

Answer 35

riluzole

Question 36

primarily an autoimmune d/o, a result of chronic attack on the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves

Answer 36

multiple sclerosis

Question 37

in MS, the protein in _____ produced by _____ in the CNS is the target

Answer 37

myelin, oligodendrocytes

Question 38

_____ is more common in MS patients than the general population

Answer 38

depression

Question 39

most common cause of TBI

Answer 39

MVA

Question 40

head trauma causes agitation and death to brain tissue d/t influx of _____ and _____

Answer 40

influx of extracellular calcium efflux of potassium ions

Question 41

death to brain tissue causes (3)

Answer 41

mitochondrial damage reduction in the production of ATP increased oxidative stress

Question 42

_____ play an important role of cleaning up molecular and cellular damage and regeneration of normal cellular function after a TBI

Answer 42

microglial cells

Question 43

in TBI frontal-subcortical circuts cause:

Answer 43

cognitive and social bx

Question 44

in TBI dorsolateral prefrontal cortex cause (4):

Answer 44

memory, decision making, problem solving, mental flexibility

Question 45

in TBI orbitofrontal cortex cause:

Answer 45

refelxive social bx, self-monitoring within a social context

Question 46

in TBI anterior cingulate cause:

Answer 46

motivation and reward related bxs

Question 47

what is first line treatment for TBIs and affective d/o

Answer 47

SSRIswha

Question 48

what is first line treatment for mania and TBI

Answer 48

valproate

Question 49

high doses of antipsychotics can

Answer 49

lower the seizure threshold

Question 50

benzodiazepines should be used with caution d/t

Answer 50

paradoxical disinhibition

Question 51

TBI increases the risk of _____ and _____

Answer 51

chronic psychosis schizophreniza

Question 52

_____ should be used in treatment resistant psychosis

Answer 52

clozapine