Neurobiology Module 4 Final

Question 1

a monoamine neurotransmitter that relies on tyrosine, converted from DA in noradrenergic cells, transmitted into the synapse by VMAT2

Answer 1

NE

Question 2

_____ regulate the rate and levels of production of NE

Answer 2

presynaptic alpha 2 autoreceptors

Question 3

_____ are in the pons and the brainstem

Answer 3

noradrenergic cells

Question 4

NE is a key component of the _____

Answer 4

autonomic nervous system in the periphery

Question 5

NE projects into the _____ to impact cognitive function through activation of alpha 2 receptors

Answer 5

PFC

Question 6

too much NE impairs _____ and too little causes _____

Answer 6

cognition, sedation

Question 7

_____, _____, and _____ help with the integration of emotional memories and learning

Answer 7

NE, EPI, and cortisol

Question 8

_____ an alpha 2 agonist works to mitigate the effects of increased NE in the PFC and is used in young patients with ADHD

Answer 8

clonidine

Question 9

synthesis of serotonin relies on the amino acid _____

Answer 9

tryptophan

Question 10

release of 5-HT can be stimulated by drugs like:

Answer 10

amphetamines

Question 11

5-HT is metabolized by

Answer 11

monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A)

Question 12

pulls serotonin back into the terminal for recycling or breakdown

Answer 12

5-HT transporter (SERT)

Question 13

5-HT neurons are implicated in regulation of sleep wake cycles and _____

Answer 13

award/punishment

Question 14

_____ regulates messaging in depression, anxiety, pain, learning, and memory

Answer 14

serotonin

Question 15

why does nausea often accompany early administration of SSRIs?

Answer 15

the gut is rich in 5-HT receptors

Question 16

acts as both auto receptor and postsynaptic receptor; buspirone _____ and vilazodone is _____

Answer 16

5-HT1A, agonist, partial agonist,

Question 17

inhibits the release of DA in the striatum

Answer 17

5-HT2A

Question 18

involved in regulation of appetite; antagonist actions may cause increased weight gain

Answer 18

5-HT2C

Question 19

cause vasoconstriction in the CNS. Agonists Sumatriptan and zolmitriptan are used to treat _____

Answer 19

5-HT1B/1D, migraines

Question 20

located on the vagus nerve where they transmit signals from the GI tract to the brain. _____ drugs stimulate the receptors and vomiting center is activated

Answer 20

5-HT3, chemotherapy

Question 21

_____ regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary axis causes the release of NE, ACh, and GABA which regulate the secretion of _____

Answer 21

stress, corticotropic-releasing factor

Question 22

in depression cortisol levels are often _____

Answer 22

elevated

Question 23

_____ change the HPA setpoint making it over responsive and increasing the risk for depression, anxiety, and alcohol abuse

Answer 23

early childhood traumas

Question 24

CRF instigates the release of _____ from the pituitary gland resulting in increased cortisol release

Answer 24

adrenocorticotropin

Question 25

In depression REM occurs _____ as opposed to normally occurring _____ at night

Answer 25

late, early

Question 26

5-HT and NE show _____

Answer 26

circadian rhythms

Question 27

depression is d/t insufficient levels of NE, DA, or 5-HT and mania is caused by the opposite is:

Answer 27

monoamine hypothesis

Question 28

depression is characterized by _____ cortisol and _____ sensitivity to the HPA feedback inhibition

Answer 28

elevated, decreased

Question 29

_____ are used to treat both depression and anxiety by altering 5-HT, NE, and occasionally DA

Answer 29

antidepressants

Question 30

two main types of drugs that should be avoided with MAOIs

Answer 30

sympathomimetic drugs that increase serotonin

Question 31

sympathomimetic drugs to avoid (6)

Answer 31

phenylephrine psuedoephedrine stimulants SNRIs TCAs NRIs

Question 32

drugs that may increase serotonin levels with MAOIs (8)

Answer 32

meperidine tramadol dextromethorphan amphetamines MDMA methadone fentanyl sumatriptan

Question 33

_____ an amino acid, increases the release of NE

Answer 33

tyramine

Question 34

Foods high in tyramine

Answer 34

*dried, aged, fermented, smoked, spoiled meat/fish/poultry *broad beans *all aged cheeses *unpasteurized or tap beer *soy products *banana peel

Question 35

_____ work by blocking reuptake of NE and 5-HT which increases levels and prolongs their effects in the synapse

Answer 35

tricyclic antidepressants

Question 36

histamine blockade causes: (3)

Answer 36

fatigue sedation weight gain

Question 37

TCAs are problematic for patients who are _____

Answer 37

suicidal

Question 38

_____ block presynaptic 5-HT transport, SERT, thus enhancing serotonergic function

Answer 38

SSRIs

Question 39

some SSRIs _____ 5-HT2C which enhances the release of NE and DA

Answer 39

antagonizes

Question 40

several SSRIs contribute to _____ and the potential for _____

Answer 40

QTc prolongation lethal dysrhythmias

Question 41

SSRIs lack (3):

Answer 41

NE histamine ACh

Question 42

caused by combination of serotonergic drugs or increased doses of serotonergic drugs

Answer 42

serotonin syndrome

Question 43

symptoms of serotonin syndrome (5)

Answer 43

agitation disorientation ataxia muscle spasms exaggerated sympathetic function

Question 44

lethal signs of serotonin syndrome (6)

Answer 44

fever shivering chills diarrhea elevated BP increased HR

Question 45

these drugs combine strong inhibition of SERT with varying degrees of NET inhibition

Answer 45

SNRIs

Question 46

an SSRI that can have bothersome withdrawal effects when not taken at the same time and uncomfortable with weaning

Answer 46

venlafaxine

Question 47

inhibits the reuptake of DA, NE having the effect of increasing DA and NE especially in the PFC (give an example)

Answer 47

norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitors burpropion

Question 48

oldest treatment for bipolar disorder

Answer 48

lithium

Question 49

works by increasing 5-HT action by increasing 5-HT, 5-HIAA, and tryptophan

Answer 49

lithium

Question 50

lithium can stop the phosphorylation of tau which can slow the progression of _____

Answer 50

Alzheimers

Question 51

long term lithium use can lead to _____ and _____

Answer 51

kidney and thyroid impairment

Question 52

lithium levels should be within

Answer 52

0.7-1.2mM

Question 53

side effects of valproate (6)

Answer 53

drowsiness lethargy tremors hair loss weight gain GI distress

Question 54

this drug is associated with neural tube defects and the development of PCOS

Answer 54

valproate

Question 55

helps treat neuropathic pain

Answer 55

carbamazepine

Question 56

can also cause neural tube defects and has potential for blood dyscrasias d/t suppression of bone marrow

Answer 56

carbamazepine

Question 57

not approved for mania but is approved for bipolar depression

Answer 57

lamotrigine

Question 58

side effect of lamotrigine

Answer 58

Stevens-Johnson syndrome