Neurobiology Final Module 9

Question 1

it is based on evidence of dysregulation of brain function caused buy repeated drug exposure

Answer 1

disease model of addiction

Question 2

addiction can be diagnosed only on the basis of

Answer 2

behavioral symptomology

Question 3

behavioral intervention in which the user gets regular urine testing and receives reinforcement

Answer 3

contingency management

Question 4

a chronically relapsing d/o characterized by compulsion to seek and take drug, loss of control in limiting intake, and emergence of a -emotional state when access to the drug is prevented.

Answer 4

current scientific view of addiction

Question 5

a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues using the substance despite significant substance-related problems

Answer 5

substance use disorders

Question 6

development of reversible substance-specific syndrome d/t recent ingestion of a substance

Answer 6

substance-induced disorders

Question 7

_____ or _____ yields rapid drug entry into the brain and fast onset of drug action

Answer 7

IV injection
inhalation/smoking

Question 8

_____ is associated with shorter duration of action and is more likely to produce addiction

Answer 8

fast onset

Question 9

IV and inhalation produce the strongest euphoric effects d/t:

Answer 9

rapid drug delivery to the brain

Question 10

what are the 3 stages that are repeated in the development of addiction

Answer 10

1.preoccupation/anticipation of substance use
2. binge use and intoxication
3. withdrawal/-affect when coming down motivating further use

Question 11

neural circuit responsible for the acute rewarding and reinforcing effects of abused drugs

Answer 11

reward circuit

Question 12

activation of the _____ from the ___ to the ___ plays a central role in drug reward and reinforcement

Answer 12

mesolimbic DA pathway
VTA
NAcc

Question 13

activation of the _____ increases release of NE and the neuropeptides corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and dynorphin

Answer 13

antireward system

Question 14

what are two major functions of the antireward system

Answer 14

1. put a limit or break on reward
2. mediate some of the aversive effects of stress

Question 15

neural mechanisms responsible for affect provoke an initial strong reaction and automatically set ini motion an opposing response that occurs after the initial stimulus ends

Answer 15

opponent-process model

Question 16

allostasis gradually changes the baseline hedonic state of the drug user

Answer 16

Koob and Le Moal model

Question 17

a physiological, behavioral, or psychological variable that is repeatedly challenged maintains stability by changing its set-point

Answer 17

allostasis

Question 18

characterized by intrusive thinking, drug craving and lack of impulse control

Answer 18

preoccupation/anticipation stage of addiction cycle

Question 19

has been linked to abnormal activity in pathways from PFC, hippocampus, amygdala, and ventral striatum

Answer 19

intrusive thinking

Question 20

correlates with activation of the DLPFC, OFC, ACC, dorsal and ventral striata, and insula

Answer 20

cue-induced cravings

Question 21

the _____ has been implicated in motivational regulation, inducing drug craving and control over drug use

Answer 21

insula

Question 22

may help mediate acute drug-induced behavioral and psychological responses that undergo tolerance

Answer 22

Category A proteins

Question 23

could play a role in the transition form recreational use to addiction

Answer 23

Category B proteins

Question 24

may be important for maintaining the “addicted”state

Answer 24

Category C proteins

Question 25

have been implicated in greater risk of substance abuse correlated with early childhood maltreatment or other stress

Answer 25

epigenetic changes

Question 26

_____ of alcohol is metabolized by the liver

Answer 26

95%

Question 27

converts alcohol to acetaldehyde which is then converted to acetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase

Answer 27

alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 28

about 10% of _____ have genes that code for an inactive for of ALDH

Answer 28

Asians

Question 29

enzymes in the _____ family also convert alcohol to acetaldehyde

Answer 29

cytochrome P450

Question 30

CYP2E1 is sometimes called the:

Answer 30

microsomal ethanol oxidizing system

Question 31

when alcohol is consumed regularly, these enzymes increase, which increases rate of metabolism of alcohol and other drugs

Answer 31

induction

Question 32

effects of alcohol are reduced when administered repeatedly

Answer 32

tolerance

Question 33

there is also _____ with other drugs in the sedative-hypnotic class, including barbiturates and benzodiazepines

Answer 33

cross-tolerance

Question 34

acute tolerance occurs with a

Answer 34

single exposure to alcohol

Question 35

drug effects are _____ while the blood level of alcohol is rising and _____ while the blood level is falling

Answer 35

greater, smaller

Question 36

increase in P450 liver microsomal enzymes that metabolize the alcohol

Answer 36

metabolic tolerance

Question 37

neurons adapt to the continued presence of alcohol by making compensatory changes in cell function

Answer 37

pharmacodynamic tolerance

Question 38

practicing behaviors while under the influence of alcohol allows adjustment and compensation

Answer 38

behavioral tolerance

Question 39

alcohol is a _____ and _____ glutamate release in many brain areas

Answer 39

glutamate antagonist, reduces

Question 40

alcohol has the greatest effect on _____

Answer 40

NMDA receptors

Question 41

repeated alcohol use results in

Answer 41

up-regulation of NMDA receptors

Question 42

during withdrawal glutamate release that is normally _____ by alcohol _____ after about 10 hrs

Answer 42

reduced increases

Question 43

alcohol _____ Cl- flux and stimulates GABA release

Answer 43

increases

Question 44

the GABA (B) agonist _____ prevents alcohol selection by alcohol preferring rats

Answer 44

baclofen