Neurobiology Final Module 5

Question 1

the areas of the brain that play a key role in anxiety disorders are:

Answer 1

amygdala
cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuts

Question 2

amygdala is associated with _____ and CSTC associated with _____

Answer 2

fear, worry

Question 3

the amygdala and limbic system _____ and _____

Answer 3

Evaluate stimuli
Initiate responses

Question 4

_____ activates the HPA which causes activation of amygdala and projects into the locus coeruleus which releases NE.

Answer 4

corticotropin releasing hormone

Question 5

NE and epinephrine are key to _____ and _____

Answer 5

Physiological stress response
Formation of emotional memories

Question 6

inhibition of _____ leads to hyperactivity, impairs social interaction, and increases fear conditioning

Answer 6

neurosteroids

Question 7

dopaminergic projections into the amygdala can block the inhibitory effects of _____

Answer 7

GABA

Question 8

genetic expression of _____, _____, and _____ can help to predict anxious behaviors

Answer 8

CRF
SERT
neurosteroid gene polymorphisms

Question 9

the inability to stop the initiation of actions. Comes from ventral striatum

Answer 9

Impulsivity

Question 10

Inability to stop ongoing actions. Comes from dorsal stratum in different areas of the prefrontal cortex

Answer 10

Compulsivity

Question 11

First line treatment for OCD and related conditions

Answer 11

SSRIs

Question 12

All neurons contain large amounts of

Answer 12

Glutamate

Question 13

The vesicular glutamate transporter one is found in

Answer 13

The cortex and hippocampus

Question 14

Vesicular glutamate transporter two is found in

Answer 14

Subcortical structures

Question 15

Vesicular glutamate transporter three appears to package glutamate for

Answer 15

Inner hair cells which help to conduct sound

Question 16

_____ are key in the take up of glutamate after release

Answer 16

astrocytes

Question 17

_____ is the main excitatory neurotransmitter throughout the brain

Answer 17

Glutamate

Question 18

Regulates synaptic plasticity in learning and memory

Answer 18

glutamate

Question 19

_____ utilize calcium as a 2nd messenger and respond to both glutamate and glycine and D-serine

Answer 19

NMDA receptors

Question 20

_____ can occur through elevated glutamate levels which lead to cell death

Answer 20

excitotoxicity

Question 21

prolonged stimulation of NMDA and other glutamate receptors leads to _____ and _____ of the neuron

Answer 21

necrosis
lysis

Question 22

_____ may be the result of excitotoxicity

Answer 22

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Question 23

_____ only functions as a neurotransmitter

Answer 23

GABA

Question 24

significant reductions of GABA production cause

Answer 24

convulsions

Question 25

GAT3 is found only in

Answer 25

astrocytes

Question 26

breakdown of GABA requires both the work of _____ and _____

Answer 26

neuronal uptake astrocytes

Question 27

which GABA receptor is ionotropic

Answer 27

A

Question 28

which GABA receptor is metabotropic

Answer 28

B

Question 29

act to hyperpolarize the neuron thus inhibiting cell firing

Answer 29

GABA (A)

Question 30

first line treatment for anxiety disorders include (5):

Answer 30

SSRIs SNRIs' benzo partial 5HT-1A agonist alpha 2 delta ligands

Question 31

modulate excessive output from the amygdala during fear response in anxiety. Stimulate GABA(A) receptors resulting in inhibition of neuronal firing

Answer 31

benzodiazepines

Question 32

use of benzodiazepines can be useful with anxiety reduction while waiting for

Answer 32

SSRI/SNRI onset

Question 33

best for intermittent short term use (long term can lead to dependance)

Answer 33

benzodiazepines

Question 34

List 6 benzodiazepines

Answer 34

alprazolam clonazepam diazepam lorazepam temazepam chlordiazepoxide

Question 35

modulates serotonergic activity in projections to the amygdala, pfc, striatum, and thalamus. Stimulates 5-HT1A auto receptors leading to reduced serotonergic activity

Answer 35

partial 5-HT1A agonist

Question 36

give an example of 5-HT1A agonist

Answer 36

buspirone

Question 37

block the release of excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate when neurotransmission is excessive in the amygdala

Answer 37

A2 delta ligands

Question 38

why are A2 delta ligands lees useful on an "as needed" basis?

Answer 38

prolonged onset

Question 38

List two A2 delta ligands

Answer 38

gabapentin pregabalin