Neurobiology Final Module 3

Question 1

Schizophrenia is thought to related to abnormal _____ levels in the brain

Answer 1

dopamine

Question 2

Dopamine (DA) is a _____ neurotransmitter

Answer 2

catecholamine

Question 3

Dopamine relies on the availability of the precursor amino acid _____ which also contributes to the production of _____

Answer 3

tyrosine, norepinephrine (NE)

Question 4

When there is a stress response the rates of catecholamine production _____

Answer 4

increase

Question 5

Catecholamine production can be increased by administering precursors such as _____ or _____

Answer 5

tyrosine, L-DOPA

Question 6

Administering tyrosine when there is increased _____ or stress improves working memory

Answer 6

cognitive demand

Question 7

vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) 1 is found in the

Answer 7

adrenal medulla

Question 8

vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) 2 is found in the

Answer 8

brain

Question 9

Depressive symptoms develop when catecholamine levels _____

Answer 9

drop

Question 10

drugs such as _____ and _____ cause catecholamines to be released without depolarization of the neuron

Answer 10

amphetamines; methamphetamines

Question 11

catecholamine levels are controlled through _____ and _____

Answer 11

metabolism; synaptic reuptake

Question 12

reuptake occurs through _____ which return the neurotransmitter to the terminal for either recycling or breakdown

Answer 12

transporter proteins

Question 13

_____ block transporters for both NE and serotonin (5-HT)

Answer 13

tricyclic antidepressants

Question 14

_____ blocks transporters for all the monoamine transmitters

Answer 14

cocaine

Question 15

MAO-A metabolizes _____

Answer 15

NE

Question 16

MAO-B breaks down _____

Answer 16

dopamine (DA)

Question 17

_____ includes the extrapyramidal system and regulates motor function

Answer 17

substantia nigra

Question 18

deficiency in the basal ganglia results in _____ and _____

Answer 18

akathisia (restlessness), dystonia (involuntray muscle spasms)

Question 19

_____ in the substantia nigra and the dorsal striata induces:

Answer 19

hyperkinetic movements

Question 20

This pathway includes the reward system and regulates motivation and pleasure

Answer 20

ventral tegmental area (VTA) branching off to limbic system (nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus)

Question 21

Aggression and positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusion result from _____ in the _____

Answer 21

DA hyperactivity, mesolimbic pathway

Question 22

controls executive function and cognition

Answer 22

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)

Question 23

regulates affect and emotions

Answer 23

ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC)

Question 24

loss of motivation, anhedonia, lack of pleasure

Answer 24

negative symptoms

Question 25

What are the two most common metabotropic DA receptor subtypes in the brain

Answer 25

D1 and D2

Question 26

Nearly all current antipsychotics are:

Answer 26

D2 receptor antagonists

Question 27

_____ are both auto receptors and postsynaptic receptors

Answer 27

D2 receptors

Question 28

high doses of DA antagonist drugs induce _____

Answer 28

catalepsy (lack of spontaneous movement)

Question 29

A common D2 receptor blocker associated with catalepsy is:

Answer 29

haloperidol

Question 30

Long term dosage of D2 receptor antagonists lead to the development of :

Answer 30

dopamine supersensitivity

Question 31

when there is a lack of a neurotransmitter, neurons will increase the number of receptors called:

Answer 31

receptor upregulation

Question 32

What is a hallmark characteristic of schizophrenia

Answer 32

disturbed thought

Question 33

hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, bizarre thought patterns, and unusual behaviors

Answer 33

positive symptoms

Question 34

positive symptoms respond well to meds that:

Answer 34

block D2 receptors

Question 35

alogia, flattened affect, avolition, social withdrawal, and anhedonia

Answer 35

negative symptoms

Question 36

impaired working memory, loss of executive function, and impaired attention:

Answer 36

cognitive symptoms

Question 37

symptoms most resistant to antipsychotics are:

Answer 37

negative and cognitive

Question 38

common structural changes r/t schizophrenia include (4)

Answer 38

reduced volume in basal ganglia cerebral atrophy ventricular enlargement reduced volume in hippocampus and temporal/frontal cortices

Question 39

The most common consistent change in schizophrenia is:

Answer 39

reduced PFC function r/t decreased blood flow

Question 40

During the first episode of schizophrenia, _____ are elevated and _____ are decreased

Answer 40

pro inflammatory mediators, anti-inflammatory cytokines

Question 41

Immune disorders such as diabetes, RA, and Crohn's _____ the risk of schizophrenia

Answer 41

increase

Question 42

phenothiazines (chlorpromazine) and butyrophenones (haloperidol)

Answer 42

classic neuroleptics

Question 43

antagonism of DA transmission through competitive blockade of receptors or inhibiting the release of DA

Answer 43

classic neuroleptics

Question 44

Antipsychotics bind to the following receptors (3):

Answer 44

serotonin adrenergic histamine

Question 45

How can you reduce parkinsonism symptoms?

Answer 45

combine dopamine blockade with an anticholinergic such as benztropine

Question 46

muscle rigidity, fever, altered consciousness, and autonomic lability

Answer 46

neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Question 47

what is treatment for NMS

Answer 47

calcium channel blockade (dantrolene)

Question 48

a postsynaptic receptor with excitatory function that stimulates glutamate and GABA release which regulates DA release

Answer 48

5-HT2A

Question 49

Blocking 5-HT2A stimulates:

Answer 49

DA release

Question 50

regulates both DA and NE at the postsynaptic receptor

Answer 50

5-HT2C

Question 51

stimulating 5-HT2C receptor leads to:

Answer 51

significant weight loss

Question 52

blocking 5-HT2C receptor leads to:

Answer 52

increased DA and NE in the PFC improving cognition

Question 53

List the 2nd generation antipsychotics that block 5-HT2C and bind to 5-HT2A (4)

Answer 53

clozapine olanzapine quetiapine asenapine

Question 54

List the 2nd generation antipsychotic "dones" (4):

Answer 54

risperidone ziprasidone paliperidone lurasidone

Question 55

List the 2nd generation antipsychotics that are characterized by partial 5-HT1A agonism and have the lowest cardiometabolic risks (3)

Answer 55

cariprazine aripoprazole brexpiprazole

Question 56

What is the gold standard for antipsychotics

Answer 56

Clozapine

Question 57

What risk is associated with clozapine

Answer 57

agranulocytosis

Question 58

What antipsychotic has the highest risk for cardiometabolic consequences

Answer 58

Olanzapine

Question 59

Becomes more like a classical neuroleptic at higher doses and approved for symptoms of irritability for patients with autism spectrum disorder

Answer 59

risperidone

Question 60

least risk for weight gain and metabolic complications, less sedating, must be taken with 500 calorie meal for absorption

Answer 60

ziprasidone