Neurohormones

Question 1

What are the types of neural communication?

Answer 1

Point to point
Neurons of the secretory hypothalamus
Diffuse modulatory system
Networks of interconnected neurons

Question 2

What are the features of point to point communication?

Answer 2

Fast and restricted

Question 3

What are features of the neurons of the secretory hypothalamus?

Answer 3

Slow but widespread

Question 4

What are features of interconnected neurons?

Answer 4

Fast with widespread influence

Question 5

What are features of diffuse modulatory systems?

Answer 5

Slower and widespread

Question 6

What are the two main control systems?

Answer 6

Endocrine and nervous

Question 7

How does the endocrine system control?

Answer 7

Hormones

Question 8

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?

Answer 8

Blood vessels

Question 9

Is endocrine control slow or fast?

Answer 9

Slow

Question 10

Is endocrine control long or short lasting?

Answer 10

Long

Question 11

How does nervous control reach its target?

Answer 11

Signalling along nerve fibres

Question 12

What is the nervous system method of transmission?

Answer 12

Electrical impulses

Question 13

Is the nervous system communication fast or slow?

Answer 13

Fast

Question 14

Is nervous control long or short lasting?

Answer 14

Short

Question 15

What is the anterior pituitary called?

Answer 15

Adenohypophysis

Question 16

What is the posterior pituitary called?

Answer 16

Neurohypophysis

Question 17

What are the types of hormones?

Answer 17

Protein and peptides, amino acid derivatives, steroids

Question 18

What are the features of protein and peptide hormones?

Answer 18

Can be synthesised as a large precursor
Can be post-translationally modified
Can have multiple units independantly synthesised and assembled

Question 19

Where are amino acids mainly derived from?

Answer 19

Tyrosine

Question 20

Where does the pituitary lie?

Answer 20

In the pituitary fossa in the sphenoid bone

Question 21

What are the steroid hormones derived from?

Answer 21

Cholesterol

Question 22

What connects the pituitary and hypothalamus?

Answer 22

Infundibulum, containing the hypophyseal nerve tract and portal system

Question 23

Where do the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei project to?

Answer 23

Posterior pituitary

Question 24

Where do hypothalamic neurones secrete releasing hormones into?

Answer 24

The capilary plexus -> pituitary

Question 25

What does the pituitary act on?

Answer 25

Secretory cells to release their secretions into the anterior pituitary

Question 26

What are the hypothalamic neurohormones that control the anterior pituitary?

Answer 26

Corticotrophin releasing, thyrotophin releasing, gonadotrophin releasing, growth hormone releasing, growth hormone release inhibiting and dopamine

Question 27

How many amino acids make up the corticotrophin releasing hormone?

Answer 27

41

Question 28

How many amino acids make up the thyrotophin releasing hormone?

Answer 28

3

Question 29

How many amino acids make up the gonadotrophin releasing hormone?

Answer 29

10

Question 30

How many amino acids make up the growth hormone releasing hormone?

Answer 30

44

Question 31

How many amino acids make up the growth hormone releasing inhibiting hormone?

Answer 31

14

Question 32

What is another name for growth hormone releasing inhibiting hormone?

Answer 32

Somatostatin

Question 33

What does corticotrophin releasing hormone do?

Answer 33

Controls the release of ACTH

Question 34

What does thyrotrophin releasing hormone do?

Answer 34

Controls the release of TSH and PRL

Question 35

What does gonadotrophin releasing hormone do?

Answer 35

Controls the release of LH and FSH

Question 36

What does growth hormone releasing hormone do?

Answer 36

Controls the release of growth hormone

Question 37

What does somatostatin do?

Answer 37

Inhibits GH, VIP, glucagon, insulin, TSH and PRL

Question 38

What does dopamine do?

Answer 38

Inhibits PRL

Question 39

What do gonadotroph cells secrete (and in response to what)?

Answer 39

LH and FSH in response to GnRH

Question 40

What do somatotroph cells secrete (and in response to what)?

Answer 40

GH in response to GHRH

Question 41

What do corticotroph cells secrete (and in response to what)?

Answer 41

ACTH in response to CRH

Question 42

What do thyrotroph cells secrete (and in response to what)?

Answer 42

Thyrotrophin in response to TRH

Question 43

What do lactotroph cells secrete (and in response to what)?

Answer 43

Prolactin in response to TRH, somatostatin and dopamine

Question 44

What happens when we experience stress?

Answer 44

Noradrenaline is released and the HPA axis is activated

Question 45

What happens when the HPA axis is activated?

Answer 45

Hypothalamus secretes CRH along the portal system CRH acts on the pituitary to release ACTH ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol Cortisol inhibits the hypothalamus and pituitary

Question 46

What happens when the blood pressure is low?

Answer 46

RAAS is activated

Question 47

What is oxytocin involved in?

Answer 47

Lactation, uterine contractions, monogamous bonding and CNS

Question 48

What are the mechanisms of action of GH and insulin?

Answer 48

Leads to dimerisation of the receptors recruits tyrosine kinases phosphorylate the target protein induce biological responses

Question 49

What are the mechanisms of action of TSH and ACTH?

Answer 49

Bind to cell surface GPCRs and activate G proteins that stimulate or inhibit adenyl cyclase. This increases intracellular cAMP levels that activate pKA which phosphorylates target proteins to initiate specific gene expressions and biological responses

Question 50

What are the mechanisms of action of GnRH and oxytocin?

Answer 50

Bind to surface GPCRs that stimulate or inhibit adenylate cyclase. This increases intracellular cAMP levels that activate pKA which phosphorylates target proteins to initiate specific gene expressions and biological responses

Question 51

What are the mechanisms of action of steroid and thyroid hormones?

Answer 51

Can diffuse across the plasma membrane of target cells and bind to intracellular receptors inside