Language

Question 1

What is language?

Answer 1

System for representing or communicating info about the world using symbols and rules

Question 2

What are the two classes of language?

Answer 2

Natural vs formal

Question 3

What is a formal language?

Answer 3

Finite system of signs and rules for combination

Question 4

What is a generative language?

Answer 4

Capable of describing an infinite number of concepts

Question 5

What is the pathway for development of languages?

Answer 5

Ancestral language -> regional dialects -> modern language families

Question 6

How many language families are there?

Answer 6

6500

Question 7

What are the functional components of language?

Answer 7

Articulation, phonology, meaning, syntax and comprehension

Question 8

What are the places of articulation?

Answer 8

Labial (lips), alveolar (tongue against hard palate) and palatial (tongue against pharynx)

Question 9

What are the manners of articulation?

Answer 9

Voiced vs unvoiced, Fricative, plosive

Question 10

What is phonology?

Answer 10

The sound combinations from which the syllables and words of language are built up

Question 11

What is used as a common phonological notation?

Answer 11

International Phonetic Alphabet

Question 12

What is the definition of the meaning of language?

Answer 12

Representation in long term memory of concepts and the relations between them

Question 13

What is syntax?

Answer 13

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language

Question 14

What does syntax rely on?

Answer 14

Grammatical markers and word order

Question 15

What is the definition of comprehension of language?

Answer 15

The ability to represent the meaning of words or sentences spoken or written by another person

Question 16

What are things that affect comprehension?

Answer 16

Context, pitch, stress, prosody

Question 17

What brain part is important in articulation and phonology?

Answer 17

Motor homonculus and anterior portions of Broca’s area

Question 18

What brain part is important in understanding meaning?

Answer 18

Temporal poles

Question 19

Why are temporal poles so good at understanding the meaning of language?

Answer 19

Dense interconnections with widespread regions of association cortex and modality - independent representations

Question 20

What brain part is important in understanding syntax?

Answer 20

Left inferior frontal gyrus

Question 21

What brain part is important in comprehension?

Answer 21

Primary auditory cortex
Temporal poles
Left inferior frontal gyrus
Arcuate fasciatus
Left posterior superior temporal gyrus

Question 22

What does brocas aphasia cause?

Answer 22

Difficulties with articulation and phonology

Question 23

What is speech like with broca’s aphasia?

Answer 23

Halting, fragmented, distorted, agrammatic

Question 24

What is comprehension like with broca’s aphasia?

Answer 24

Preserved for words, reduced for sentences

Question 25

What typically causes broca’s aphasia?

Answer 25

Middle cerebral artery infarction and haemorrhagic stroke

Question 26

What is speech like in wernickes aphasia?

Answer 26

Fluent, often with meaningless phonological strings

Question 27

What is speech like in conduction aphasia?

Answer 27

Mild fluency and comprehension difficulties

Question 28

What is speech like in dynamic aphasia?

Answer 28

Reduced, fragmentary, echoic, preservative speech

Question 29

What does wernickes aphasia follow damage to?

Answer 29

Posterior regions of language network

Question 30

What does conduction aphasia follow damage to?

Answer 30

Posterior perisylvian regions and underlying white matter

Question 31

What does dynamic aphasia follow damage to?

Answer 31

Anterior left inferior frontal gyrus

Question 32

What are the typical pathologies with wernickes aphasia?

Answer 32

Penetrating brain injury, cerebral haemorrhage

Question 33

What are the typical pathologies with conduction aphasia?

Answer 33

Lacunar stroke

Question 34

What are the typical pathologies with dynamic aphasia?

Answer 34

Left anterior cerebral artery infarction

Question 35

What is a test for conduction aphasia?

Answer 35

Single word and sentence repetition

Question 36

What is a test for dynamic aphasia?

Answer 36

High vs low constant sentence completion

Question 37

What are the classes of Neurodegeneration?

Answer 37

Non-fluent progressive aphasia, fluent progressive aphasia, logopenic progressive aphasia

Question 38

What happens in non fluent progressive aphasia?

Answer 38

Slow, distorted, agrammatic speech and production

Question 39

What happens in fluent progressive aphasia?

Answer 39

Normal sounding speech rate and production but empty of content

Question 40

What are the symptoms of non fluent progressive aphasia?

Answer 40

Phonological and grammatical errors in spontaneous speech, Good single word comprehension Difficulty understanding sentences

Question 41

What is the typical pathology owing to non fluent progressive aphasia?

Answer 41

Primary tauopathy

Question 42

What are the symptoms of fluent progressive aphasia?

Answer 42

Generic word use in spontaneous speech | Profound single word comprehension difficulties

Question 43

What is the location of pathologies in fluent progressive aphasia?

Answer 43

Anterior temporal regions

Question 44

What are the typical pathologies for fluent progressive aphasia?

Answer 44

TDP-43

Question 45

What do fluent and logopenic progressive aphasia begin with?

Answer 45

Subtle word-finding changes

Question 46

What are the symptoms of logopenic progressive aphasia?

Answer 46

Poverty of speech output, | occasional errors in syntax and phonology

Question 47

Where is the pathology of logopenic progressive aphasia?

Answer 47

Posterior perisylvian

Question 48

What disease causes logopenic progressive aphasia?

Answer 48

Alzheimer’s