Emotion

Question 1

What is emotion?

Answer 1

Feelings you experience

Question 2

What does the elevated arm experiment test for?

Answer 2

Anxiety

Question 3

What does the forced swim test test for?

Answer 3

Depression

Question 4

What happens in the elevated arm experiment?

Answer 4

Maze with 2 open arms and 2 arms with sides

Question 5

What are the reactions of normal and anxious mice in the elevated arm experiment?

Answer 5

Normal mice spends more time in the open arms than anxious mice

Question 6

What happens in the forced swim test?

Answer 6

5 litre beaker full of water

Put mice in and wait till it stops swimming

Question 7

What do you measure in the forced swim test?

Answer 7

Time it takes the mouse to stop swimming

Question 8

What does the three chambered box measure for?

Answer 8

Sociability

Question 9

What happens in the 3 chambered box test?

Answer 9

3 chambers with interconnected doors

In the two end chambers are cages - one with a mouse inside and one empty

Question 10

What do you measure in the 3 chambered box test?

Answer 10

The amount of time the mouse spends with the other mouse and how long it spends on its own

Question 11

What are the two theories of emotions?

Answer 11

James- lange and cannon-bard

Question 12

What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Answer 12

we experience emotion in response to physiological changes in our body

Question 13

What is the cannon-bard theory of emotion?

Answer 13

We can experience emotions independantly of emotional expression

Question 14

Where is broca’s limbic lobe found?

Answer 14

Primitive cortical gyri that form a ring around the corpus callosum

Question 15

What does broca’s limbic lobe include?

Answer 15

Parahippocampal, Cingulate and subcallosal gyrus
Medial temporal lobe
Hippocampus

Question 16

What is the papez circuit?

Answer 16

Limbic structures including the cingulate cortex that are involved in emotion

Question 17

How does rabies relate to emotion?

Answer 17

Implicates hippocampus in emotion-> hyper emotional responses

Question 18

What do lesions on the anterior thalamus lead to?

Answer 18

Spontaneous laughing or crying

Question 19

What are the functions of the limbic system?

Answer 19

attaching a behavioural significance and response to a stimulus, especially with respect to its emotional content

Question 20

What is the cingulate gyrus’ role in the limbic system?

Answer 20

Complex motor control, pain perception and social interactions

Question 21

What is the function of the hippocampus proper and parahippocampal areas?

Answer 21

Primary function in memory (critical role in connecting certain sensations and emotions to these memories

Question 22

What is the function of the amygdala?

Answer 22

Involved in learning and storage of emotional aspects of experience

Question 23

What are the issues with the single emotion system?

Answer 23

Diversity of emotions and brain activity and many structures are involved in emotion

Question 24

Where is the amygdala found?

Answer 24

Next to the hippocampus at the base of the third ventricle

Question 25

What does the amygdala consist of?

Answer 25

Corticomedial nuclei, central nucleus and basolateral nucleus

Question 26

Where does the amygdala receive input from?

Answer 26

Neocortex

Question 27

Where does the amygdala output to?

Answer 27

Hypothalamus

Question 28

Which parts of the hypothalamus do the amygdala reach out to?

Answer 28

Stria terminalis and ventral amygalofugal pathway

Question 29

What changes when you remove the temporal lobe?

Answer 29

``` Good visual perception but poor recognition Psychic blindness Oral tendencies Reduced fear Altered sexual behaviour ```

Question 30

What happens in a human amygdalectomy?

Answer 30

``` Reduced fear and aggression Hypersexuality Oral tendencies Reduced ability to recognise a fearful expression Flattened emotions ```

Question 31

What happens when you electrically stimulate the amygdala?

Answer 31

Increased vigilance, anxiety, fear and aggression

Question 32

What is learned fear confirmed by?

Answer 32

fMRI and PET imaging

Question 33

What are the hormones involved in aggression?

Answer 33

Testosterone

Question 34

What are the two types of aggression?

Answer 34

Predatory aggression and affective aggression

Question 35

What is predatory aggression?

Answer 35

Attacks made against a member of a different species to obtain load

Question 36

What is affective aggression?

Answer 36

Threatening posture to maintain social hierarchy

Question 37

What is the surgery to reduce aggression?

Answer 37

Amygdalectomy or psychosurgery

Question 38

What are the effects of amygdalectomy?

Answer 38

Reduction in aggressive behaviour and anxiety

Question 39

What are the neural components of anger and aggression beyond the amygdala?

Answer 39

Hypothalamus, serotonin and cerebral cortex

Question 40

What does removal of cerebral hemispheres but not the hypothalamus lead to?

Answer 40

Sham rage

Question 41

What is sham rage?

Answer 41

Massive anger/ aggression

Question 42

What does electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus lead to?

Answer 42

Affective and predatory aggression

Question 43

What are the two hypothalamic pathways to the brainstem involving autonomic function?

Answer 43

Medial forebrain bundle -> VTA | Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus -> periaquiductal gray matter

Question 44

Which hypothalamic pathway results in which type of aggression?

Answer 44

Medial forebrain bundle = predatory aggression | Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus = affective aggression

Question 45

What is the serotonin deficiency hypothesis?

Answer 45

aggression is inversely related to serotonergic activity

Question 46

Which agonists decrease anxiety and aggressiveness?

Answer 46

5HT 1A and 1B