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Physiology 2 > Neurons And Glia > Flashcards

Neurons And Glia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the reticular theory?

A

Neurons are merged together to form a continuous reticulum

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2
Q

What is the neuron doctrine?

A

Neurones communicate by neuron-neuron contact

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3
Q

What are the steps in histological staining of neural tissue?

A

Fixation, sectioning and staining

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4
Q

Why do you fix the sample when doing histological staining of neural tissue?

A

To keep the tissue morphology

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5
Q

What do you use to fix the sample in histological staining of neural tissue?

A

Paraformaldehyde

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6
Q

What does a microtome do?

A

Cuts very thin slices from a block of embedded brain tissue

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7
Q

What are the two stains in histological staining of neural tissue?

A

Nissl and golgi

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8
Q

What does the Nissl stain stain?

A

The nuclei and Nissl bodies of neurones

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9
Q

What does the golgi stain stain?

A

Neurons and their projections

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10
Q

What is the Nissl stain made of?

A

Cresyl Violet

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11
Q

What is the golgi stain made of?

A

Silver chromate

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12
Q

What is the importance of brainbow mice?

A

Fluorescence microscopy and genetic manipulation techniques allow us to see brain regions and individual neurones/ glial cells in lots of detail

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13
Q

What are neurons?

A

Information processing cells within the nervous system, highly specialised for the conduction and transmission of electrical and chemical signals

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14
Q

What are neurones made up of?

A

A cell body, axon and dendrites

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15
Q

What does the neural cell body contain?

A

The organelles

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16
Q

What are axons?

A

Highly specialised neuronal projections that conduct action potentials within the nervous system

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17
Q

What is an axon made up of?

A

Hillock, proper and terminals

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18
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

Tapers away from the cell body to form the initial segment of the axon

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19
Q

What can the axon proper do?

A

Can branch to form axon collaterals and recurrent collaterals

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20
Q

What happens at an axon terminal?

A

Site at which the axon comes into contact with other neurons at a synapse

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21
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Receive synaptic inputs

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22
Q

What are dendritic spines?

A

Small sacs of membrane that protrude from the dendrites of some cells to receive synaptic input

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23
Q

Do all dendrites have spines?

A

No

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24
Q

What are dendritic spines sensitive to?

A

Type and amount of synaptic activity

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25
What is the neuronal cytoskeleton made up of?
Microtubules, microfilaments and neurofilaments
26
What is the neuronal cytoskeleton?
Internal scaffolding that gives a neuron its characteristic shape
27
What are microtubules a polymer of?
Tubulin
28
Where are microtubules located?
Axons and dendrites
29
What are microtubules important in?
Axoplasmic transport
30
What are microfilaments a polymer of?
Actin
31
Where are microfilaments found?
Through neuron, but abundant in axons and dendrites
32
What is the function of neurofilaments?
Biomarker for neurodegenerative disorders
33
Where are neurofilaments abundant?
Axons
34
What are neurofilaments important in?
Regulating axonal shape
35
What are able to myelinate axons?
Glial cells
36
What is myelin?
Membrenous sheath that wraps around and insulates axons
37
What is Neurotransmission?
Fundamental process that drives information transfer between neurons and their targets
38
What are the two broad neuronal classifications?
Structure and gene expression
39
What are the classifications of neural structure?
Projection number, dendritic tree structure, connections, axon length
40
What are the gene expression classifications based on?
The neurotransmitter they use
41
What are the number of projections classified by?
Total number of projections
42
What is a neuron called if it has one projection?
Unipolar
43
What is a neuron called if it has two projections?
Bipolar
44
What is a neuron called if it has three projections?
Multipolar
45
What are the two groups within the structure of dendritic trees classification?
Spiny and aspinous
46
What are the types of connections in the neural structure classification?
Sensory, motor and inter neurons
47
What are interneurons?
Neurons that synapse with other neurons within the brain or spinal cord
48
What are the two types of axon length in a neuron?
Golgi type I or golgi type II
49
What separates golgi type I and II neurons?
Type I extends from one part of the brain to the other and type II dont
50
Why do different neurons use different neurotransmitters?
Differential expression of proteins involved in neurotransmitter synthesis, storage and release
51
What do glial cells do?
Support cells within the nervous system and can be classified into four categories based on structure and function
52
What are the four categories of glial cells?
Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells and oligodendrites and Schwann cells
53
What shape are astrocytes?
Star shaped
54
What do astrocytes do?
Regulate the extracellular environment of the brain
55
How do astrocytes regulate the extracellular environment of the brain?
By enclosing synaptic junctions and actively removing neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft
56
What is the most numerous type of glial cell within the brain?
Astrocytes
57
What do microglia do?
Function as phagocytes to remove neuronal and glial debris
58
Where are microglia found?
Broadly distributed round the brain and spinal cord
59
What do microglia help with?
Synaptic connection remodelling
60
What shape are microglia found in when they're inactive?
Ramified
61
What do microglia do when they're inactive?
Maintain an immunologically stable environment and they're active macrophages
62
What shape are microglia when they're active?
Ameboid
63
What are ependymal cells?
A type of glial cell that provides the lining of the ventricular system of both the brain and spinal cord
64
What are the functions of ependymal cells?
Osmotic regulator of CSF, flow of CSF and directing all migration during brain development
65
What are ependymal cell deficits linked with?
Hydroencephalus
66
What do ependymal cell deficits lead to?
Enlargement of the lateral, third and fourth ventricles
67
What do oligodendrocytes and schwann cells do?
Provide myelin to neurons in the nervous system
68
Where are oligodendrocytes found?
Only CNS
69
How many axons do oligodendrocytes contribute to?
Several
70
Where are Schwann cells found?
Only PNS
71
How many axons do Schwann cells contribute myelin to?
One

Physiology 2 (38 decks)

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