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Physiology 2 > Neurons And Glia > Flashcards

Neurons And Glia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the reticular theory?

A

Neurons are merged together to form a continuous reticulum

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2
Q

What is the neuron doctrine?

A

Neurones communicate by neuron-neuron contact

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3
Q

What are the steps in histological staining of neural tissue?

A

Fixation, sectioning and staining

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4
Q

Why do you fix the sample when doing histological staining of neural tissue?

A

To keep the tissue morphology

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5
Q

What do you use to fix the sample in histological staining of neural tissue?

A

Paraformaldehyde

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6
Q

What does a microtome do?

A

Cuts very thin slices from a block of embedded brain tissue

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7
Q

What are the two stains in histological staining of neural tissue?

A

Nissl and golgi

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8
Q

What does the Nissl stain stain?

A

The nuclei and Nissl bodies of neurones

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9
Q

What does the golgi stain stain?

A

Neurons and their projections

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10
Q

What is the Nissl stain made of?

A

Cresyl Violet

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11
Q

What is the golgi stain made of?

A

Silver chromate

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12
Q

What is the importance of brainbow mice?

A

Fluorescence microscopy and genetic manipulation techniques allow us to see brain regions and individual neurones/ glial cells in lots of detail

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13
Q

What are neurons?

A

Information processing cells within the nervous system, highly specialised for the conduction and transmission of electrical and chemical signals

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14
Q

What are neurones made up of?

A

A cell body, axon and dendrites

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15
Q

What does the neural cell body contain?

A

The organelles

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16
Q

What are axons?

A

Highly specialised neuronal projections that conduct action potentials within the nervous system

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17
Q

What is an axon made up of?

A

Hillock, proper and terminals

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18
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

Tapers away from the cell body to form the initial segment of the axon

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19
Q

What can the axon proper do?

A

Can branch to form axon collaterals and recurrent collaterals

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20
Q

What happens at an axon terminal?

A

Site at which the axon comes into contact with other neurons at a synapse

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21
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Receive synaptic inputs

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22
Q

What are dendritic spines?

A

Small sacs of membrane that protrude from the dendrites of some cells to receive synaptic input

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23
Q

Do all dendrites have spines?

A

No

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24
Q

What are dendritic spines sensitive to?

A

Type and amount of synaptic activity

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25
Q

What is the neuronal cytoskeleton made up of?

A

Microtubules, microfilaments and neurofilaments

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26
Q

What is the neuronal cytoskeleton?

A

Internal scaffolding that gives a neuron its characteristic shape

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27
Q

What are microtubules a polymer of?

A

Tubulin

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28
Q

Where are microtubules located?

A

Axons and dendrites

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29
Q

What are microtubules important in?

A

Axoplasmic transport

30
Q

What are microfilaments a polymer of?

A

Actin

31
Q

Where are microfilaments found?

A

Through neuron, but abundant in axons and dendrites

32
Q

What is the function of neurofilaments?

A

Biomarker for neurodegenerative disorders

33
Q

Where are neurofilaments abundant?

A

Axons

34
Q

What are neurofilaments important in?

A

Regulating axonal shape

35
Q

What are able to myelinate axons?

A

Glial cells

36
Q

What is myelin?

A

Membrenous sheath that wraps around and insulates axons

37
Q

What is Neurotransmission?

A

Fundamental process that drives information transfer between neurons and their targets

38
Q

What are the two broad neuronal classifications?

A

Structure and gene expression

39
Q

What are the classifications of neural structure?

A

Projection number, dendritic tree structure, connections, axon length

40
Q

What are the gene expression classifications based on?

A

The neurotransmitter they use

41
Q

What are the number of projections classified by?

A

Total number of projections

42
Q

What is a neuron called if it has one projection?

A

Unipolar

43
Q

What is a neuron called if it has two projections?

A

Bipolar

44
Q

What is a neuron called if it has three projections?

A

Multipolar

45
Q

What are the two groups within the structure of dendritic trees classification?

A

Spiny and aspinous

46
Q

What are the types of connections in the neural structure classification?

A

Sensory, motor and inter neurons

47
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Neurons that synapse with other neurons within the brain or spinal cord

48
Q

What are the two types of axon length in a neuron?

A

Golgi type I or golgi type II

49
Q

What separates golgi type I and II neurons?

A

Type I extends from one part of the brain to the other and type II dont

50
Q

Why do different neurons use different neurotransmitters?

A

Differential expression of proteins involved in neurotransmitter synthesis, storage and release

51
Q

What do glial cells do?

A

Support cells within the nervous system and can be classified into four categories based on structure and function

52
Q

What are the four categories of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells and oligodendrites and Schwann cells

53
Q

What shape are astrocytes?

A

Star shaped

54
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

Regulate the extracellular environment of the brain

55
Q

How do astrocytes regulate the extracellular environment of the brain?

A

By enclosing synaptic junctions and actively removing neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft

56
Q

What is the most numerous type of glial cell within the brain?

A

Astrocytes

57
Q

What do microglia do?

A

Function as phagocytes to remove neuronal and glial debris

58
Q

Where are microglia found?

A

Broadly distributed round the brain and spinal cord

59
Q

What do microglia help with?

A

Synaptic connection remodelling

60
Q

What shape are microglia found in when they’re inactive?

A

Ramified

61
Q

What do microglia do when they’re inactive?

A

Maintain an immunologically stable environment and they’re active macrophages

62
Q

What shape are microglia when they’re active?

A

Ameboid

63
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

A type of glial cell that provides the lining of the ventricular system of both the brain and spinal cord

64
Q

What are the functions of ependymal cells?

A

Osmotic regulator of CSF, flow of CSF and directing all migration during brain development

65
Q

What are ependymal cell deficits linked with?

A

Hydroencephalus

66
Q

What do ependymal cell deficits lead to?

A

Enlargement of the lateral, third and fourth ventricles

67
Q

What do oligodendrocytes and schwann cells do?

A

Provide myelin to neurons in the nervous system

68
Q

Where are oligodendrocytes found?

A

Only CNS

69
Q

How many axons do oligodendrocytes contribute to?

A

Several

70
Q

Where are Schwann cells found?

A

Only PNS

71
Q

How many axons do Schwann cells contribute myelin to?

A

One

Physiology 2 (38 decks)

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